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General Awareness is must for the competitive exams. Exams like UPSC, Weigh 50% on General Awareness for the selection and exams like SSC weigh 25% on General Awareness for the selection

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Questions regarding Government Schemes are important for various competitive exams. These questions are a little bit difficult to answer but are also rewarding. You must be aware of the Government policies and current affairs related to it in order to answer these questions. You can begin to answer once you have read about it.

With a little practice, you&#39;ll be able to answer these General Awareness questions with ease. So we&#39;ve included ten questions about Government Schemes for you to practice with. Each of these questions should be answered in less than a minute. 
 

<h2>Questions on Government Schemes</h2>

You can also download the questions and answers pdf. Just click on the Download PDF button. So let&#39;s start with the first question.

Q:1 Which among the following states extended the scope of its Universal Pension Scheme encompassing Transgender persons into the Rajya Samajik Suraksha Pension Yojana?

1. Bihar

2. Jharkhand

3. Madhya Pradesh 

4. Odisha 

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Let&#39;s begin with something simple.

Q:2 When was &#39;Ladli Social Security Allowance Scheme&#39; implemented in Haryana?

1. 26th January, 2006

2. 1st January, 2006

3. 1st December, 2005

4. 1st June, 2006

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) This one&#39;s a bit tricky.

Q:3 Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA) is a _______ scheme.

1. Centrally Sponsored

2. Central sector

3. State Sponsored

4. None of the above

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) This is easy too.

Q:4 Ayushman Bharat scheme was launched on 23 September 2018 in Ranch, Jharkhand by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, that aims to provide free access to health insurance coverage for low income earners in the country. How many days of  pre and post-hospitilization coverage will be provided in the scheme, respectively?

1. 5, 10 

2. 3, 15 

3. 2, 14 

4. 2, 15

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This is a bit difficult. Did you guess it right?

Q:5 PMJJY was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9 May 2015 in Kolkata, West Bengal. Which of the following is/are true about PMJJY?

1. It is available to people between 18 and 50 years of age with bank accounts

2. The family members of the insured will receive an insured sum of ₹2 lakh after his death.

3. The premium is Rs 436 per annum. 

4. All are true

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Do you know about about PMJJY? Then, you must have got this one.

Q:6 PM Street Vendor&#39;s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) is a Special Micro-Credit Facility scheme for providing affordable loans to street vendors. It was launched by which of the following ministry?

1. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

2. Ministry of Commerce and Industry

3. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

4. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) You can do this one. Think a little.

Q:7 What is the maximum age for joining the Atal Pension Yojana?

1. 45 years

2. 50 years

3. 35 years

4. 40 years

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Have you read about this Yojana? Try to get it right.

Q:8 Name the scheme announced by PM Modi from Red Fort to benefit individuals skilled in traditional craftsmanship.

1. Karmayogi

2. Vishwakarma

3. Gayatri

4. Kalakaar

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) You must heard of it. Just eliminate the wrong ones.

Q:9 The Scheme for Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for development of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) envisages development of 4000 MWh of projects by _______.

1. 2050

2. 2025

3. 2040

4. 2030

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) We are almost done. Hurry up!

Q:10 With reference to the investment schemes of India, what does the second &#39;P&#39; stand for in &#39;PPF&#39;?

1. Prudent

2. Programme

3. Provident

4. Price

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Clock&#39;s ticking. Let us end with an easy one.

 

<h2>Answer Key</h2>

Let&#39;s have a look at your score.

<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. (1)</td>
			<td>2. (2)</td>
			<td>3. (1)</td>
			<td>4. (2)</td>
			<td>5. (4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. (1)</td>
			<td>7. (4)</td>
			<td>8. (2)</td>
			<td>9. (4)</td>
			<td>10. (3)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Comment below your score, considering each question has 1 mark only. If you scored 8 to 10, congratulations! You are one step closer to selection. If you have scored 5 to 8 marks, then you are doing well, keep it up. If you have scored less than 5 marks then you need to work a little harder on this subject. But don&#39;t worry, we are here to help you master the subject.

Let&#39;s check the answers and solutions and try to find out what went wrong.

 

<h2>Answers and Solutions</h2>

Q:1 Correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Jharkhand

The Jharkhand Government extended the scope of its Universal Pension Scheme encompassing Transgender persons into the Rajya Samajik Suraksha Pension Yojana. The aim is to provide social security and bring them into the mainstream of society.

 

Q:2 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. 1st January, 2006

<ul>
	<li>The scheme is on the pattern of the Old Age Allowance Scheme for families having only girl child/children started from 1st January 2006.</li>
	<li>Initially, Rs. 300 per month per family was given.</li>
</ul>

 

Q:3 Correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Centrally Sponsored Scheme.

14 States and Union Territories yet to sign MoU on implementation of PM USHA scheme.

Memorandum of Understanding with Centre mandates implementation of National Education Policy. Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyaan(PM-USHA) scheme has 60:40 funding split between Centre and States with no extra money for NEPR reforms.

 

Q:4 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. 3, 15 

Ayushman Bharat is a flagship scheme of Government of India which was launched as recommended by the National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage. 

It provides a cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization across public and private empanelled hospitals in India.

It has 2 components:

<ul>
	<li>Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs)</li>
	<li>Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY</li>
</ul>

 

Q:5 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. All are true

<ul>
	<li>PMJJY is Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojana. It is a one-year life insurance policy that can be renewed from year to year and provides coverage for death from any cause.</li>
	<li>Individuals between the age of 18and 50 who have an individual bank or post office account are eligible to enroll in the program. Individuals who join the scheme before the age of 50 can continue to cover life risk until the age of 55 by paying a regular premium.</li>
	<li>It provides life insurance of Rs. 2 lakh in case of death at a premium of Rs. 436/- per annum.</li>
</ul>

 

Q:6 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

<ul>
	<li>PM Street Vendor&#39;s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) launched by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs on June 2020. </li>
	<li>It aims to provide micro-credit facilities to street vendors affected due to COVID-19 pandemic.</li>
	<li>It will provide initial working capital of up to Rs 10000 to street vendors.</li>
</ul>

 

Q:7 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. 40 years

Indian government-sponsored pension program Atal Pension Yojana, formerly Swavalamban Yojana, largely serves the unorganized sector. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley made reference to it in his address for the 2015 budget. On May 9, 2015, in Kolkata, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, officially unveiled it.

<ol>
	<li>Atal Pension Yojana participants must be 18 or younger and not older than 40. After turning 60, one can begin receiving a pension. Twenty years will be the bare minimum of contribution.</li>
	<li>As an individual, after you reach the age of 60, you will be entitled to a guaranteed pension of Rs.1,000, Rs 2,000, Rs 3,000, Rs 4,000, or Rs 5,000. If a subscriber passes away, their spouse or another nominee will get the pension payment.</li>
</ol>

 

Q:8 Correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Vishwakarma.

PM Modi announced Vishkarma Yojana to benefit individuals skilled in traditional craftsmanship.

PM Modi from the ramparts of Red Fort on 77th Independence day announced  the launch of Vishwakarma Yojana Scheme planned to benefit individuals skilled in traditional craftsmanship. 

 

Q:9 Correct answer is Option 4 i.e. 2030

The Union Cabinet chaired by the Honourable Prime Minister approved the Scheme for Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for development of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The approved scheme envisages development of 4000 MWh of BESS projects by 2030-31 with a financial support of up to 40 percent of the capital cost as budgetary support in the form of VGF.

 

Q:10 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Provident

<ul>
	<li>Public Provident Fund was introduced in India in 1968.</li>
	<li>To mobilise small savings in the form of investment - objective of PPF.</li>
	<li>This scheme is run by the Government of India.</li>
</ul>

 

So that&#39;s it for today. General Knowledge related topics are important in general. We&#39;ll go over another aspect of General Awareness later. Until then, you can practice the questions by downloading the Government Schemes PDF.

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Practice questions on the topic of General Awareness&nbsp;in exams - Government Schemes!

Government Schemes Questions and Answers - Download PDF!

<div>
Today we are going the learn about the Indus Valley Civilization which was established around 3300 BC. It is a very important topic asked in competitive exams. So dive deep into this topic.

Indus Valley Civilization flourished around 2500 BC, which is often called the age of matured IVC. It forms the backbone of India as it is one of the major civilizations of the world. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is one of the four great civilisations of the world. It flourished along the flood plains of Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra. IVC was spread across the western part of South Asia that now lies in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC.

Major sites of IVC are as follows:

<h2>Mohenjodaro</h2>

Mohenjodaro, found within Sind on the bank of Indus is among the biggest sites of the Harappan Civilization. Most of the data with respect to the town arranging, housing and seals of this civilization comes from this site. Unearthings started at this location in 1922, with R.D. Banerjee and Sir John Marshall taking up the work. Unearthings show that people lived here for a really long time and went on building and modifying houses in the same area

<h2>Harappa</h2>

Harappa was the first location to be unearthed and archaeologists like Dayaram Sahni, M.S. Vats and Mortimer Wheeler carried out unearthing at Harappa. It lay on the bank of the Ravi river in the Punjab region. In terms of its size and the assortment of objects found, it positions as the chief city of the Harappan Civilization. In Harappa, a substantial segment of the populace was locked in activities other than food production. It was found within the middle of a few critical exchange courses which are still in utilization. These courses associated Harappa with Central Asia, Afghanistan and Jammu.

<h2>Kalibangan</h2>
</div>

The settlement of Kalibangan is found in Rajasthan along the river Ghaggar. As pointed out prior this zone had the biggest concentration of the Harappan settlements. Kalibangan was unearthed within the 1960s beneath the direction of B.K. Thapar. This yielded proof for the presence of Pre-Harappan and Harappan homes. There appears significant variation from Harappan within the circle of religious convictions.

<h2>Lothal</h2>

Lothal is located between the Bhogavo and Sabarmati rivers near the Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat. The word lothal literally means mound of dead similar to mohenjo daro. The city was discovered by SN Rao in 1957. The city was mathematically planned and it had a grid pattern with streets crossing at right angles. The dockyard proves the maritime activity of the Harappans. As the Indus script is yet to be deciphered, it is not known if this was really India’s first port as is claimed by some and questioned by some historians.

<h2>Chanhudaro</h2>

Chanhudaro is situated around 100 km south of Mohenjodaro in the sindh on the bank of river indus. It was discovered by NG Majumdar in 1931. The Chanhu Daro has given evidence of factories of various figurines, seals, toys, bone implements so it has been interpreted that it was a settlement with lots of artisans and was an industrial town.

<h2>Dholavira</h2>

Dholavira is an archaeological site in Kutch district of Gujarat state. The site was discovered in 1967-68 by JP Joshi and is the fifth largest of the eight Harappan Majors sites. Dholavira is an archaeological site in Kutch District, Gujarat State. It is one of the top five Harappan sites and the most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It was named as UNESCO world heritage site on 27 july 2021.

The next major civilization that occurred in ancient India after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization by 1400 BC was the Vedic civilisation. Hence, it was all about the Indus Valley Civilization. Hope you have learnt a lot and it will help further in your preparation.

Concepts of Indus&nbsp;Valley Civilization!

Indus Valley Civilization - Learn the key concepts

सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता - प्रमुख अवधारणाओं को जानें

Hello dear students, welcome to this amazing journey where we will take you on a trip literally around the universe and our solar system. 

Let&#39;s discuss some important terminologies.

<h2>Origin of the universe:</h2>

Universe: Universe is everything that exists, including all the galaxies, solar system, planets, stars, matter, and energy. There are many theories about how the universe formed. Some of the famous theories are the nebular hypothesis and the big bang theory.

Big bang theory, proposed by Edwin Hubble, explains that the universe formed when a tiny ball of matter began to explode. According to this theory, our universe is still expanding.

Nebular hypothesis, proposed by Laplace de marquis, explains that the solar system originated when an intensely hot and rotating nebular gaseous mass cooled. Due to centrifugal force, a ring of mass separated from nebulae and formed planetary bodies.

Galaxy: When millions and billions of stars combine with dust clouds and get isolated in space, it is known as the galaxy. Our own solar system is a part of the Milky way galaxy.

Solar system: Solar system comes next in this classification of the universe. It consists of the sun, eight planets, and other heavenly bodies like comets, asteroids, and meteors.

Sun: Sun is at the centre of our solar system. It is so huge that around 13 lakh earth can fit inside the sun. The Sun is a star and it is the nearest star to the earth.

Stars are luminous celestial bodies present in space. They keep on shining by producing energy inside their bodies. e.g. Polaris, Sirius, Alpha Centauri, all these are the names of stars.

<h2>Planets:</h2>

Our solar system consists of 8 planets. Let us revise some of the basic yet important facts about them.

Mercury: It is the closest planet to the sun. It is also the smallest and lightest planet in our solar system. There is no water and no gases on this planet.

Venus: Venus planet is often named as earth’s twin because of the same size and mass as that of earth. This planet is surrounded by a thick veil of clouds; hence it is also the hottest planet of our solar system. It is also known as the morning star and evening star.

Earth: Planet earth is also known as a blue planet or water planet because a major portion of it is covered with water. It is the only known planet where the existence of life is possible. The availability of gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen makes life possible on this planet. Earth also has a natural satellite which is named the moon. It rotates around the earth on its axis.

Mars: It is the fourth planet from the sun. The availability of iron-rich soil makes it look red hence, it is known as the red planet. Phobos and Deimos are the two natural satellites of Mars.

Jupiter: Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. Its average temperature is very low.

Saturn: It is the second-largest planet in our solar system. It is surrounded by bright rings of ice and dust particles that revolve around it. Saturn has the largest number of natural satellites i.e. moons. Titan is the largest satellite of Saturn.

Uranus: This planet appears green because of the availability of methane in its atmosphere. Uranus and Venus are the only planets that rotate from east to west on their axis. It has a large inclination and hence it appears as if it is lying on its axis.

Neptune: It is the 8th and the farthest planet of our solar system. Its characteristics are similar to Uranus hence they are known as twin planets. Planets are classified as terrestrial and jovian planets.

Hoping after reading this blog, you have some clarity about what the universe and solar system are. We will explore our planet earth more so stay connected.

Learn the key concept of Universe and solar system.

Study notes for geography topic - Universe and solar system

ब्रह्मांड और सौर मंडल- प्रमुख अवधारणाओं को सीखें और अभ्यास करें

Summit-related questions are important for a variety of competitive exams. These questions are tricky to answer but  are also rewarding. To answer these questions, you must be up to date with current events. You can start once you&#39;ve read about it.

You&#39;ll be able to answer these General Awareness questions with ease with a little practice. So we&#39;ve included ten questions about Summits for you to practice with. Each of these questions should require less than a minute to respond. 
 

<h2>Questions on Summits</h2>

 
You can also download the questions and answers pdf. Just click on the Download PDF button. So let&#39;s start with the first question.

Q:1 The World Health Organisation (WHO) has released the outcome of the first WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit 2023 in the form of __________.

1. Geneva Declaration 

2. Jaipur Declaration 

3. Gujarat Declaration 

4. Lisbon Declaration 

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Let us begin with a recent one.

Q:2 In which year was the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro held?

1. 1991

2. 1993

3. 1992

4. 1990

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This is a bit difficult.

Q:3 _________ curated an exhibition at Bharat Mandapa on &#39;Bharat: The Mother of Democracy&#39; for the G20 summit.

1. NITI Aayog

2. ASI

3. Ministry of Culture

4. MInistry of Tourism

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) This isn&#39;t tough to answer. Try to get it right.

Q:4 Who among the following visited Akshardham Temple during the G20 Summit held in New Delhi?

1. Rishi Sunak

2. Joe Biden

3. Justin Trudeau 

4. Emmanuel Macron

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) This one&#39;s easy too.

Q:5 Who among the following inaugurated the first ever Global Summit on Traditional medicine?

1. Narendra Modi

2. Amit Shah

3. Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesu

4. Melinda Gates

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Do you know about the Global Summit?

Q:6 Who is to host the 18th East Asia Summit?

1. Malaysia

2. Papua and New Guinea

3. Vietnam

4. Indonesia 

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Have you read about the East Asia Summit held recently?

Q:7 Who inaugurated Uttar Pradesh Global Investors Summit 2023 in Lucknow?

1. Narendra Modi 

2. Yogi Adityanath

3. Amit Shah 

4. Rajnath Singh

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Don&#39;t be in a rush. Think carefully before answering this one.

Q:8 Which department of Haryana was honored at the Vivekananda Sustainability Summit 2023?

1. Police Department

2. Agriculture Department

3. Home Department

4. Health Department

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Try to get rid of the wrong options.

Q:9 Who among the following inaugurated Global Maritime India Summit (GIMS) 2023?

1. Shri Bhupinder Yadav

2. Shri Narendra Modi

3. Shri Sarbananda Sonowal

4. Shri Kiren Rijuju

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This is a bit difficult. Did you get it right?

Q:10 Where was the first summit of BIMSTEC held?

1. Nepal

2. Sri Lanka

3. Thailand

4. Bangladesh

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Let&#39;s wrap it up with the last question.

<img alt="Summits" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Summits.webp" style="height:200px; width:400px" />

[Image Source: UNCTAD]

<h2>Answer Key</h2>

Let&#39;s have a look at your score.

<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. (3)</td>
			<td>2. (3)</td>
			<td>3. (3)</td>
			<td>4. (1)</td>
			<td>5. (3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. (4)</td>
			<td>7. (1)</td>
			<td>8. (2)</td>
			<td>9. (3)</td>
			<td>10. (3)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Comment below your score, considering each question has 1 mark only. If you scored 8 to 10, congratulations! You are one step closer to selection. If you have scored 5 to 8 marks, then you are doing well, keep it up. If you have scored less than 5 marks then you need to work a little harder on this subject. But don&#39;t worry, we are here to help you master the subject.

Let&#39;s check the answers and solutions and try to find out what went wrong.

 

<h2>Answers and Solutions</h2>

Q:1 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Gujarat Declaration

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has released the outcome of the first WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit 2023 in the form of the Gujarat Declaration. It reaffirms global commitment and harnesses the potential of traditional medicine to achieve health and well being for all.

 

Q:2 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. 1992

The Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro was held from June 3 to June 14, 1992.

It was created as a response for member states to cooperate together internationally on development issues after the Cold War.

 

Q:3 Correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Ministry of Culture.

The Ministry of Culture curated an exhibition at Bharat Mandapa on &#39;Bharat: The Mother of Democracy&#39; for the G20 summit. It displayed the democratic traditions of our country.

 

Q:4 Correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Rishi Sunak 
Rishi Sunak, UK Prime Minister visited the Akshardham Temple in Delhi with his wife Akshata Murty. Rishi Sunak was in Delhi to attend the two day G20 Summit where World leaders are holding discussions on some of the World&#39;s most pressing issues.

 

Q:5 Correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesu

WHO and AYUSH Ministry hosted the first ever Global Summit on Traditional medicine.

WHO director Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus inaugurated the event that had seen participation of scientists, practitioners of traditional medicine, health workers and members of CSOs.

The summit took place in Gandhinagar, Gujarat from 17th-18th August.

 

Q:6 The Correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Indonesia

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi will travel to Jakarta, capital of Indonesia at the invitation of Mr Joko Widodo, President of Republic of Indonesia. During the visit the PM will attend the 20th ASEAN-India Summit and 18th East Asia Summit being hosted by Indonesia as current chair of ASEAN. 
 

Q:7 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Narendra Modi 
PM Modi inaugurated Uttar Pradesh Global Investors Summit 2023 in Lucknow. 
A) Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Lucknow to inaugurate the Uttar Pradesh Global Investors Summit 2023. He also inaugurated the Global Trade Show and launched Invest UP 2.0. 
B) The Global Investors Summit will bring together policy makers, industry leaders, academia, think-tanks and leaders from across the world to collectively explore business opportunities and forge partnerships.

 

Q:8 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Agriculture Department

Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Department Haryana was honored for Fasal Jet in the second Vivekananda Sustainability Summit organized at Dr. Ambedkar International Center in Delhi.

This honor was received by Dr. Narhari Bangar, Director of the Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Department, and Dr. Devendra Sihag, Joint Director.

 

Q:9 Correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Shri Sarbananda Sonowal

Union Ports Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal launched the curtain raiser of Global Maritime India Summit 2023. 
A) More than 50 countries will participate in the Global Maritime Summit 2023. 
B) Investment opportunities worth more than 10 lakh crore in India&#39;s Maritime sector identified.

 

Q:10 Correct option is Option 3 i.e. Thailand

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar attended the first ever BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers meeting. 
A) BIMSTEC is an economic bloc that came into being in June 1977 through the Bangkok Declaration. 
B) Aim of the meet is to counter the onslaught of globalisation by accelerating regional growth through mutual cooperation.

 

So that&#39;s it for today. General Awareness topics are essential in general. We&#39;ll go over another subject matter of General Awareness later. Until then, you can practice the questions by downloading the Summits PDF.

Practice questions on the topic of General Awareness&nbsp;in exams - Summits!

Summits Questions PDF with detailed solutions

Currency-related questions are essential for a variety of competitive tests. These questions are simple to answer and rewarding. You must be aware of the the latest news in order to answer these questions. You can begin after you&#39;ve read about it.

With a little practice, you&#39;ll be able to answer these General Awareness questions with ease. So we&#39;ve included ten questions about Currencies for you to practice with. Each of these questions should take not more than a minute to answer. 
 

<h2>Questions on Currencies</h2>

 
You can also download the questions and answers pdf. Just click on the Download PDF button. So let&#39;s start with the first question.

Q:1 Which among the following country&#39;s currency is Euro?

1. UAE

2. Maldives

3. France

4. Australia

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Let us start off with an easy question.

Q:2 Pound Sterling is the official currency of the United Kingdom. It is also used in how many associate territories of United Kingdom?

1. 9

2. 7

3. 10

4. 8

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This one&#39;s a bit difficult.

Q:3 The dinar is the principal currency used in several countries. Which of the following statement is true about dinar?

1. As of 2023, the Kuwaiti dinar is the currency with the highest value per base unit.

2. Eight countries currently use dinar as their official currency.

3. The currency dinar was introduced in 1961.

4. All of the above

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Read the options thoroghly to answer this question.

Q:4 The currency of United States is US Dollar. Which of the following Acts introduced the US Dollar?

1. The Coinage Act, 1970

2. The Coinage Act, 1971

3. The Coinage Act, 1972

4. The Coinage Act, 1973

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) This is a bit tricky.

Q:5 Which of the following is the currency of Armenia?

1. Euro

2. Real

3. Dram

4. Manat

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) You can do this one.

Q:6 Which among the following is the currency of the United Arab Emirates?

1. Dirham

2. Won

3. Rial

4. Yen

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) This one&#39;s easy too.

Q:7 What is the currency of Argentina?

1. Argentine dollar

2. Argentine peso

3. Argentine Real

4. Argentine Taka

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Do you know about Agentina&#39;s currency?

Q:8 What is the currency of Eritrea?

1. Franc

2. Kuna

3. Nakfa

4. Peso

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Have you read about this country?

Q:9 What is the currency of South Africa?

1. Franc

2. Krona

3. Pound

4. Rand

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) This isn&#39;t difficult. Try to get it right.

Q:10 What is the currency of Vietnam?

1. Dollar

2. Peso

3. Dong

4. Euro

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Let&#39;s end with an easy one too.

<img alt="Currencies" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Currencies.webp" style="height:200px; width:400px" />

[Image Source: The Economic Times]

<h2>Answer Key</h2>

Let&#39;s have a look at your score.

<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. (3)</td>
			<td>2. (1)</td>
			<td>3. (4)</td>
			<td>4. (3)</td>
			<td>5. (3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. (1)</td>
			<td>7. (2)</td>
			<td>8. (3)</td>
			<td>9. (4)</td>
			<td>10. (3)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Comment below your score, considering each question has 1 mark only. If you scored 8 to 10, congratulations! You are one step closer to selection. If you have scored 5 to 8 marks, then you are doing well, keep it up. If you have scored less than 5 marks then you need to work a little harder on this subject. But don&#39;t worry, we are here to help you master the subject.

Let&#39;s check the answers and solutions and try to find out what went wrong.

 

<h2>Answers and Solutions</h2>

 
Q:1 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. France

France&#39;s capital is Paris and its currency is Euro.

More Info About Options:

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Country</td>
			<td>Capital</td>
			<td>Currency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAE</td>
			<td> Abu Dhabi</td>
			<td>Dinar/Dhiram</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maldives</td>
			<td>Male</td>
			<td>Rupee</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Australia</td>
			<td> Canberra</td>
			<td>Dollar</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

 

Q:2 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. 9

The pound is the main unit of sterling.

Sterling  or GBP is the official currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associate territories.

It is currently the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States Dollar, the euro, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">J</a>apanese yen.

It is the world&#39;s oldest currency that is still in use.

 

Q:3 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. All of the above

The dinar was introduced in 1961 to replace the Gulf Rupee, equal to the Indian Rupee.

It was initially equivalent to £1 sterling.

As of 2023, the Kuwaiti dinar is the currency with the highest value per base unit, with KD 1 equalling  US$3.25.

Eight countries currently use dinar as their official currency. They are: Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Serbia, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, and Bahrain.

 

Q:4 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. The Coinage Act, 1972

The Coinage Act, 1972 introduced the US Dollar at par with the Spanish slver dollar, divided it into 100 cents, and authorized the minting of coins denominated in dollars and cents. 

The Gold Standard Act of 1900 linked the dollar solely to gold.

The U.S. dollar became an important international reserve currency after the First World War.

It displaced the Pound Sterling as the world&#39;s primary reserve currency by the Bretton Woods Agreement towards the end of the Second World War.

 

Q:5 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Dram

Armenia is a nation, which is in the mountainous Caucasus region between Asia and Europe. 

Armenia&#39;s Capital is Yerevan and its currency is the Armenian dram.

Armenia&#39;s Prime Minister is Nikol Pashinyan.

Its president is Vahagn Khachaturyan.

 

Q:6 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Dirham

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Currency</td>
			<td>Country</td>
			<td>Capital</td>
			<td>Region</td>
			<td>Official Language</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dirham</td>
			<td>United Arab Emirates</td>
			<td>Abu Dhabi</td>
			<td>Middle East</td>
			<td>Arabic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Won</td>
			<td>South Korea</td>
			<td>Seoul</td>
			<td>East Asia</td>
			<td>Korean</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rial</td>
			<td>Qatar</td>
			<td>Doha</td>
			<td>Middle East</td>
			<td>Arabic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yen</td>
			<td>Japan</td>
			<td>Tokyo</td>
			<td>East Asia</td>
			<td>Japanese</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

 

Q:7 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Argentine peso

The currency of Argentina is the Argentine peso. The Argentine peso preceeds the amount in the same way as many countries using dollar currencies. It is subdivided into 100 centavos.

 

Q:8 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Nakfa

Nakfa is the currency of Eritrea and was introduced on 15 November 1998. The currency takes its name from the Eritrean town of Nakfa, site of the first major victory of the Eritrean War of Independence.

 

Q:9 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Rand

The currency of South Africa is Rand. The rand was introduced in the Union of South Africa in 1961, three months before the country declared itself a republic.

 

Q:10 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Dong

The currency of Vietnam is Vietnamese Dong. It equals 0.0034 Indian Rupees.

Dollar is the currency of USA.

Peso is the currency of Phillipines.

The euro is the currency of 19 EU member states: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.

 

So that&#39;s it for today. General Awareness subjects are important in general. We&#39;ll go over another subject matter of General Awareness later. Until then, you can practice the questions by downloading the Currencies PDF.

Practice questions on the topic of General Awareness&nbsp;in exams - Currencies!

Currencies Questions PDF with detailed solutions

Today we will be studying about the constitution of India. The fact that India has a democratic form of government must be known to you all. This system of government derives its authority from the Constitution of India which essentially is the edifice of Indian Polity. A document containing basic principles and laws governing India, entrusting responsibilities to those ruling and also guaranteeing certain rights to those being ruled i.e. we the people of India.

<h2>Some salient features of Indian constitution</h2>

Ours is the largest constitution in the world consisting of 395 articles originally but now 444 articles divided into 25 parts and 12 schedules. The Indian constitution is a combination of rigidity and flexibility i.e. it can be amended. However certain basic features or structure of constitution as described and defined by the Supreme Court are amenable i.e. they cannot be altered through an act of Parliament. They are:

<ol>
	<li>Republican and Democratic forms of Government</li>
	<li>Secular character of the Constitution</li>
	<li>Separation of Powers between the legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary</li>
	<li>Federal Character of the Constitution.</li>
	<li>The mandate to build a welfare state contained in the Directive Principles of State Policy</li>
	<li>Maintenance of the unity and integrity of India</li>
	<li>The sovereignty of the country</li>
</ol>

The constitution provides a parliamentary system of Government where Council of Ministers (CoM) are collectively responsible to Lok Sabha or in case of states, the state legislative Assemblies. It is borrowed from the British system. Its features are:

<ol>
	<li>Presence of Nominal and Real Executive i.e. President and Prime Minister respectively.</li>
	<li>Majority party rule</li>
	<li>Collective responsibility of the executive and legislature</li>
	<li>Membership of the ministers in the legislature</li>
	<li>Leadership of the Prime Minister or the Chief Minister</li>
	<li>Dissolution of the lower House (Lok Sabha or Assembly)</li>
</ol>

The constitution establishes a federal government system in India. It contains all the usual features of a federation, viz. two governments, division of powers, written constitution, and supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, independent judiciary and bicameralism. The Constitution of India has borrowed most of its provisions from the Constitution of various sources as well as the Government of India Act of 1935. Certain crucial aspects that have been borrowed along with the associated countries have been given in the table below:

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Country
			</td>
			<td>
			Borrowed Feature
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Britain
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>Parliamentary form of Government</li>
				<li>Rule of Law</li>
				<li>Legislative Procedure</li>
				<li>Single Citizenship</li>
				<li>Cabinet System</li>
				<li>Bicameralism</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			USA
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>Preamble</li>
				<li>Fundamental Rights</li>
				<li>Independent Judiciary</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Ireland
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>Directive Principles of State Policy</li>
				<li>Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha</li>
				<li>Method of election of President</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Canada
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>Unitary Bias</li>
				<li>Residuary Powers with Centre</li>
				<li>Centre Appoints Governor to States</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Russia (USSR)
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>Fundamental Duties</li>
				<li>Ideals of Justice (Social, Economic, Political) enshrined in Preamble</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			France
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>Idea of Republic</li>
				<li>Ideals of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity enshrined in Preamble</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Germany
			</td>
			<td>
			1. Fundamental Rights suspended during emergency
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			South Africa
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>Election of Members of Rajya Sabha</li>
				<li>Amendment of Constitution</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Japan
			</td>
			<td>
			1. Concept of Procedure established by law
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Thus, even merely looking at the preamble acting as the identity card, we can conclude with much confidence that our constitution is one that is comprehensive and complete in its entirety of rights it gives to citizens of India and responsibilities it entrusts to its rulers.

<h2>History of the constitution of India </h2>

The evolution of Indian constitution is based in our national movement for freedom which we finally got on 15th of August 1947 following relentless efforts of all pervasive sections of Indian society and nationalistic leaders. During the course of freedom struggle the first major attempt of Indians to draft a constitution was in the Nehru report of 1928. Then it was in 1934 that the idea of a Constituent Assembly. For India was put forward for the first time by M.N. Roy and demand for it was accepted by the British government in what is known as the August Offer of 1940.

In 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps, a Member of the British Cabinet, came to India with a draft proposal of the British government on the framing of an independent Constitution to be adopted after World War II. The Cripps proposals, which were rejected by the Muslim League, wanted India to be divided into two autonomous states with two separate Constituent Assemblies. Finally, it was the Cabinet Mission Plan, the proposals of which led to the formulation of constituent assembly which framed the Constitution we have today. The Objective Resolution of the Constitution which laid down the fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure was moved by Jawahar Lal Nehru on December 13, 1946.

Some other important committees relevant from examination point of view are: Rules of Procedure Committee: Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Fundamental Rights Committee: J.B. Kripalani, Union Constitution Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru

Certain provisions of the constitution came into effect on 26th November 1949 itself but some remaining parts (major ones) were enforced on 26th January 1950. This day is referred to as the ‘commencement of constitution’ date. January 26th was so chosen because on this day Purna Swaraj day was celebrated following the Lahore Session of Congress.

<h2>Preamble of Constitution</h2>

Preamble contains the summary or essence of the constitution. It has been amended by the 42nd amendment Act, 1976 which added three new words- Socialist, Secular and Integrity. The Preamble in its present form reads:

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION

This was all about the constitution of India. Hope all your queries got cleared. For more stay tuned with us.

Learn the key concepts of Constitution of India!

Study notes for polity topic - Constitution of India

भारत का संविधान - प्रमुख अवधारणाओं को सीखें और अभ्यास करें

Today we will be studying about types of economy. India is a rapidly developing country and it is the world’s sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP. In terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), India is the third-largest in the world after China and the US. So let&#39;s explore deep.

India has a mixed economy where both private sector and public sector companies co-exist in perfect harmony. The agricultural sector is a major contributor to the Indian economy. More than 2/3rd of India’s working population is engaged in agriculture. India has one of the fastest-growing service industries in the world. There are different types of Economies around the world. Each type has its own distinguishing characteristics, but they all share some basic features.

The Indian economy is divided into three sectors: the primary, secondary, and tertiary economies. The Indian economy is split between organised and unorganised sectors in terms of operations. In contrast, ownership is split between the public and private sectors.

1. Primary Sector: The services provided by this sector are totally dependent on the availability of natural resources to maintain daily operations. Examples include agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry, and dairy. The three industries that collectively make up one-third of India’s GDP are agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. The primary sector generates 18.20 percent of GDP. India’s economy has always been based primarily on agriculture. In addition, India is the second-largest producer of groundnuts, wheat, sugar, freshwater fish, and milk in the world. The underemployment and covert employment that this sector experiences is one of its main issues. Underemployment is the cause of employees not performing to the best of their ability, whereas underemployment is the cause of employees not performing to the fullest of their capacities. The state and federal governments might enhance funding for irrigation systems and offer loans for the purchase of high-quality seeds and fertilisers as a solution to the issues.

2. Secondary Sector: Natural resources are used to create the commodities and services that are provided and then consumed, which is the basis of the sector’s economics. This industry turns the output of the primary sector (raw resources) into completed commodities that can be exported or sold to consumers or enterprises domestically (via distribution through the tertiary sector). These industries are frequently categorised as being “light” or “heavy” based on the extent to which they require vast amounts of energy, factories, and machinery.

3. Tertiary Sector: The term “service sector” is used to describe the tertiary sector. Instead of producing finished goods, the service industry creates services. Services (sometimes referred to as “Intangible Products”) include things like emotional labour, access, direction, and access. The tertiary sector of the industry is in charge of providing services to end customers as well as corporations. By interacting with customers and offering customer service, the emphasis is on people rather than changing actual physical objects. Certain important services that don’t directly support the production of commodities are included in the service sector.

The main types of economies are - Traditional Economy, Command Economy, Market Economy, Mixed Economy, Capitalism and Socialism.

<h2>Traditional Economy</h2>

This is practiced in rural areas and third-world countries that are fully dependent on land through farming. Culture determines the traditional economy. Goods are produced mainly for consumption; there is little or no surplus production. There is a lack of technology and modern medicine in this type. It uses the Barter system as the concept of money and currency is not formulated in this economy. One example can be some tribes in Africa.

<h2>Command Economy </h2>

In a command economy, the whole economy is controlled by a centralized power which happens to be the central government of that country. The best example is Soviet Russia where all decisions regarding the economy were made by the central communist government. This economy is found in communist and socialist states. Government has a monopoly over all businesses and industries. Modern examples are China and North Korea. There is a lack of innovation as there is no incentive to take risks.

<h2>Market Economy</h2>

It is based on the philosophy that individuals (firms and consumers) act rationally in self-interest and determine how resources get allocated, what goods get produced, and who buys the goods. There is very little or no government intervention in a market economy. It is also called a “laissezfaire” economy which means ‘the policy of leaving things to take their own course, without interfering. Hong Kong was an example of a market economy, but the government there too has started framing policies for the economy. The economy produces only profitable goods and services. Disadvantaged sections that don’t have much purchasing power are marginalized and ignored. It is characterized by an uneven distribution of resources. There is a high chance that consumers are exploited by monopolies.

<h2>Mixed Economy</h2>

It is a combination of command and market economic systems in different proportions. It is found in almost all countries today. It is also known as a Dual Economy. The government doesn’t control and own, but regulates the business, except for some key sensitive industries like railways and defense. For example India, USA, UK, etc. Governments can make policies of social security like PM-JAY, Pension, etc. also, taxation is used to redistribute wealth and reduce inequality.

<h2>Capitalist</h2>

It is a system of production where business owners produce goods for sale in order to make a profit and not for personal consumption. Capitalists own the factory as well as the final product, and workers are paid wages to work for the capitalist. The concept of private property is the main idea behind this. It is also known as the Free Economy. Almost all modern economies have capitalist characteristics, for example, the USA, India etc.

<h2>Socialist</h2>

In this system of production, workers collectively own the business, the tools of production, and the finished product. It may or may not produce profits from surplus production. Socialist production often produces for profits and utilizes them. There is no concept of private property, everything in the production process is collectively owned. Social welfare is the primary motive. It is mainly found in command economies.

<h2>Gross Domestic product(GDP)</h2>

GDP is the value of final goods and services produced in a country, or it is the sum of value-added in the economy during a given period. It is the measure of aggregate output. It is expressed in two different ways: 1. Nominal GDP: It is the sum of quantities of final goods produced multiplied by their current price. It doesn’t take into account the effects of inflation. 2. Real GDP: It is an inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. It is also referred to as constant price.

<h2>Gross National product (GNP)</h2>

It is the value of all finished goods and services owned by a country’s residents over a period of time.

<h2>Foreign remittance</h2>

It is a transfer of money from a foreign worker to their family or other individuals in their home countries. For example, people from Kerala earning wages in Dubai send money back home. So, GDP – foreign remittances (if positive) = GNP

<h2>Fiscal Policy</h2>

It is the use of government spending and tax policies to influence economic conditions, especially macroeconomic conditions.

Budget Deficit: It is the excess of total expenditure over total receipts. It happens when expenses exceed revenue. There are three types of deficit:

<ol>
	<li>Revenue deficit = Total revenue expenditure – Total revenue receipts.</li>
	<li>Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – Total receipts excluding borrowings.</li>
	<li>Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit-Interest payments.</li>
</ol>

1. Revenue Deficit: It is an excess of the total revenue expenditure of the government over its total revenue receipts. It shows that the government’s own earnings are not enough to meet the normal functioning of the government. Revenue deficit = Total Revenue expenditure – Total Revenue receipts Revenue deficit results in borrowing and sale of its assets.

2. Fiscal Deficit: It happens when the government’s total expenditures exceed the revenue that it generates excluding the money from borrowings. It is a measure of how much the government needs to borrow from the market to meet its expenditure when its resources are inadequate. Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – Total receipts excluding borrowings The fiscal deficit is equal to borrowings.

3. Primary Deficit: It is defined as a fiscal deficit of the current year minus interest payments on previous borrowings. It shows borrowing requirements inclusive of interest payment. Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit – Interest payments 

This was all about types of economy. Its important to understand types of economy. Hope you learned. Stay connected for more such blogs.

Learn the key concepts of types of economy

Study notes for economy topic - Types of economy

अर्थव्यवस्था के प्रकार- प्रमुख अवधारणाओं को सीखें और अभ्यास करें

Important Acts questions are required for a variety of competitive exams. These questions can be tough to answer, but they are also rewarding. To answer these questions, you must be up to date on current events. You can start once you&#39;ve read about it.

You&#39;ll be able to answer these General Awareness questions with ease with a little practice. So we&#39;ve provided ten Important Acts questions for you to practice with. Answering each of these questions should take not more than a minute. 
 

<h2>Questions on Important Acts</h2>

 
You can also download the questions and answers pdf. Just click on the Download PDF button. So let&#39;s start with the first question.

Q:1 The Banking Regulation Act was passed in India in ________.

1. 1965

2. 1949

3. 1974

4. 1951

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Let&#39;s get started with an easy question.

Q:2 Which among the following is the title of Section 6 of Part II, Banking Regulation Act,1949?

1. Forms of business in which banking companies may engage

2. Prohibition of employment of Managing agents and restrictions on certain forms of employment

3. Act to override memorandum, articles, etc

4. Use of words “bank”, “banker”, “banking” or “banking company”

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This is a bit difficult to answer.

Q:3 When was RBI ACT passed?

1. 1932

2. 1934

3. 1930

4. 1935

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) This is also simple.

Q:4 What is Section 7 of the RBI Act 1934?

1. It allows RBI to buy and sell Foreign currency

2. It empowers the government to issue directions to the RBI

3. It allows the RBI to appoint its own staff

4. None of the above

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Have you read about the RBI Act?

Q:5 As per companies act 2013, the internal auditors of a company are appointed by:

1. The board

2. Shareholders 

3. Government

4. Tribunal   

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) You can do this one.

Q:6 As per companies act, 2013, the meeting, which is conducted only once in the lifetime of the company, is known as:

1. Statutory Meeting

2. Annual General Meeting

3. Board Meeting

4. Extra-ordinary meeting 

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Try to eliminate the wrong options for this question.

Q:7 As per the companies act 2013, the minimum number of directors in case of private company is:

1. 3

2. 2

3. 5

4. 1

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Think carefully before answering this one.

Q:8 As per Companies Act 2013, a special resolution can only be passed with majority of:

1. 3/4 

2. 2/4

3. 1/4

4. 2/3

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This one&#39;s a little tricky to answer.

Q:9 As per companies Act 2013, an ordinary resolution can be passed by shareholders with minimum:

1. 75%

2. 49%

3. 25%

4. 51%

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) This isn&#39;t difficult. Try to get it right.

Q:10 If a person pays back a debt amount to the owner through cheque and the cheque is dishonoured due to insufficient funds in the former&#39;s account, then which of the following stands true with respect to Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act?

(A) The borrower can be punished with imprisonment for upto two years.

(B) The borrower can be subjected to a fine which can extend upto twice the amount of the cheque.

(C) Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc., of funds in the account can be equated with an offence under Indian Penal Code.

1. Only A and B

2. Only B and C

3. Only C

4. Only B

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Go through the options really well. Did you answer it correctly? 
 

<h2>Answer Key</h2>

Let&#39;s have a look at your score.

<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. (2)</td>
			<td>2. (1)</td>
			<td>3. (2)</td>
			<td>4. (2)</td>
			<td>5. (1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. (1)</td>
			<td>7. (2)</td>
			<td>8. (1)</td>
			<td>9. (4)</td>
			<td>10. (1)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Comment below your score, considering each question has 1 mark only. If you scored 8 to 10, congratulations! You are one step closer to selection. If you have scored 5 to 8 marks, then you are doing well, keep it up. If you have scored less than 5 marks then you need to work a little harder on this subject. But don&#39;t worry, we are here to help you master the subject.

Let&#39;s check the answers and solutions and try to find out what went wrong.

 

<h2>Answers and Solutions</h2>

 
Q:1 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. 1949

The Banking Regulation Act, 1949 is legislation in India that regulates all banking firms in India. Passed as the Banking Companies Act 1949, it came into force on 16 March 1949 and changed to Banking Regulation Act 1949 on 1 March 1966. It is applicable to Jammu and Kashmir since 1956.

The Act has 5 parts and 5 Schedules regarding the regulation of banks in the country.

The main objective of the banking regulation act is to ensure sound banking through regulations covering the opening of branches and the maintenance of liquid assets.

It assigns power to RBI to appoint, reappoint, and remove the chairman, director, and officers of the banks.

 

Q:2 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Forms of business in which banking companies may engage

Banking Regulation Act, 1949 -

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposal of non-banking assets</td>
			<td>Section 9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prohibition of employment of managing agents and restrictions on certain forms of employment</td>
			<td>Section 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Act to override memorandum, articles, etc</td>
			<td>Section 5A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Use of words “bank”, “banker”, “banking” or “banking company”</td>
			<td>Section 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forms of business in which banking companies may engage.</td>
			<td>Section 6</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

 

Q:3 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. 1934

The Reserve Bank of India was founded in 1934 as a result of the RBI Act. On March 6, 1934, it became law. On April 1st, 1935, this law became operative. It creates a framework for bank supervision and other pertinent issues. The RBI has the authority to monitor and manage commercial banks under the terms of the 1935 RBI Act.

5 Chapters and 2 Schedules make up the RBI Act. It has 58 sections that describe the administrative policies of the RBI. The following explains a few of the key clauses-

Chapter I: It is divided into two sections that explain how the RBI got started and define several concepts.

In Chapter II: The topics of incorporation, capital, management, and business are covered in detail. In this chapter, there are sections 3 through 19.

There is now no bar on RBI for authorization of private sector banks for govt business.

Govt-related banking transactions include taxes and other revenue payments, pensions payments, and small savings schemes.

In 2012 Finance Ministry had not allowed private banks barring some to undertake govt business for 3 years.

 

Q:4 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. It empowers the government to issue directions to the RBI.

Section 7 in the RBI Act empowers the government to issue directions to the RBI. Although this section has never been used by the central govt, it puts a restriction on the autonomy of the RBI.

 

Q:5 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. The board

An internal auditor is a person appointed by the board to conduct an internal audit of the functions and activities of the company. Internal audit is a continuous and systematic way of risk management, and proper governance in order to bring out more transparency and accountability in companies&#39; activities.

 

Q:6 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Statutory Meeting

A statutory meeting is a type of general meeting that must be held by every company limited by shares and every company limited by guarantee with a share capital within not less than a month and not more than six months from the date it was incorporated. Private companies are exempt from conducting a statutory meeting.

 

Q:7 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. 2

Section 149(1) of the Companies Act, 2013 requires that every company shall have a minimum number of 3 directors in the case of a public

company, two directors in the case of a private company, and one director in the case of a One Person Company.

 

Q:8 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. 3/4

To pass a special resolution more than 75% of the shareholders votes are required.

To pass a ordinary resolution more than 50% of the shareholders votes are required.

 

Q:9 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. 51%

Notice of the meeting must have been served to all the members in advance, complying with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013. The consent of at least 51% of the members must be obtained to have a valid resolution passed. The votes of the members eligible to vote will be the ones considered for the count.

 

Q:10 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Only A and B

Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, deals with &#39;Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc., of funds in the account&#39;.

It states that &#39;Where any cheque drawn by a person on an account maintained by him with a banker for payment of any amount of money to another person, of any debt or other liability, is returned by the bank unpaid, either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with that bank:

1. Such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may be extended to two years

2. Or with fine which may extend to twice the amount of the cheque, or with both.

Thus, (A) and (B) are both correct.

In a similar, recently the Supreme Court stated that the gravity of complaint under Negotiable Instruments Act cannot be equated with an offence under the provisions of the Indian Penal Code. 

Thus, (C) is not true.

Hence, Only (A) and (B) is the correct answer.

 

So that&#39;s it for today. General Awareness issues are usually important. We&#39;ll go over another matter of General Awareness later. Until then, you can practice the questions by downloading the Important Acts PDF.

Practice questions on the topic of General Awareness&nbsp;in exams - Important Acts!

Important Acts Questions PDF with detailed solutions

Hello dear learners, today we will be learning about the vedic literature. So, let&#39;s start. 

<h2>Vedic Literature</h2>

The Vedas are the large bodies of religious text that is composed of Vedic Sanskrit and originated in ancient India. They form the oldest scriptures of Hinduism and the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature. The Vedas are said to have passed on through verbal transmission from one generation to the next. Therefore, they are also known as Shruti. The term Vedic literature means the four Vedas in their Samhita and the allied literature based on or derived from the Vedas. We classify the Vedic literature into the following categories: The four Vedas i.e. the Rig, Sama, Yajur and Atharva and their Samhitas. The Brahmanas are attached to each Samhita. The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘vid’, meaning to know, signifying knowledge par excellence. The Vedic text is ‘shruti’ i.e. directly revealed to authors by God. Smritis are remembered and collected parts of literature of later periods. They are also called Samhitas in the sense that they represent an oral tradition of the time. Four Vedas and their Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads form a class of literature known as Shruti.

i) The Rig Veda: Rig-Veda is known as the oldest religious text in the world. It is also known as the “First testament” of mankind. It was composed around 1700 BC. Last hymns were composed between 1500-1200 BC. It’s a collection of hymns by a number of priest families. It is organized in 10 books which are called Mandalas.

ii) The Yajur Veda: “Yajus” means “sacrificial formula” and Yajurveda is the book of sacrificial prayers. It contains the rituals of the Yajnas. It 4 is estimated to have been composed between 1,400 and 1000 BC. It prescribes the rituals for performing different sacrifices. It was the manual of the Adhvaryus.

iii) The Sama Veda: "Saman" means melody and it contains the Rhythmic compilation of Hymns of Rigveda. It ranks next in sanctity and liturgical importance to the Rigveda. It contains 1549 hymns which are meant to be sung at the soma sacrifice by a special class of Brahmans called “Udgatris”. It has three shakhas or recensions: Kauthuma: Panchvish Brahmana The Jaiminiya: Jaiminiya Brahmana Ravayaniya: Shadvish Brahmana

iv) The Atharva Veda: Atharva-Veda is entirely different from the other three Vedas and is chronologically the last of the four. It is important and interesting as it describes the popular beliefs and superstitions of the humble folk. Atharvaveda contains the magic spells, incorporates much of early traditions of healing and magic that are paralleled in other Indo-European literatures. This Veda is also known as Brahma Veda.

<h2>The Upavedas</h2>

These are subsidiary Vedas dealing with secular subjects. Four important upavedas are as follow:

<ol>
	<li>Ayur Veda Pertain to medicine.</li>
	<li>Dhanur Veda Pertain to the art of warfare.</li>
	<li>Gandharva Veda Pertain to music.</li>
	<li>Shilpa Veda Pertain to art and literature.</li>
</ol>

<h2>The Upanishads</h2>

“Upa” means nearby and “sada” means sit. So, Upanishads contain the knowledge imparted by the gurus to their disciples. The term Upanishads indicates knowledge acquired by sitting close to the teacher. Under it, many metaphysical topics were discussed, such as the origin of the universe, the nature of God, the origin and death of mankind etc. They do not believe in orthodox rituals and sacrifices. On the contrary, they are the followers of Karma (Action), Atma (Soul) and God (Brahma). They are spiritual and philosophical in nature. Also known as Vedanta or the end of Vedas. They always preach the Jnana marga (knowledge path). Upanishads are 108 in number. Satyamev Jayate is extracted from Mundaka Upanishad. Vedangas are six auxiliary disciplines associated with the study and understanding of the Vedas. They include Shiksha (Phonetics), Kalpa (Ritual Canon), Vyakaran (Grammar), Nirukta (explanation), Chhanda (Vedic meter) and Jyotish (Astrology).

<h2>Epics</h2>

Ramayana: It was reated by Maharishi Valmiki. It consists of 24,000 verses in seven books (Kandas) and 500 sargas and tells the story of Rama. Verses in the Ramayana are written in a 32- syllable meter called Anustubh and ranges in 50000 lines in total. Valmiki is also regarded as India’s First Poet.

Mahabharata: Mahabharata is written by Ved Vyas and it is considered as one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other one is Ramayana. Originally Mahabharata consisted of 880 verses then it was raised to 24000 verses. The final compilation brought the number of 5 verses to 100000. Razmnama is a translation of Mahabharata in the Persian language.

Puranas: They are late descriptions of ancient legends and consist of history of the universe from creation to destruction, genealogies of kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology, philosophy, and geography. They are colored with superstitions and also represent a corrupt form of Hindu Philosophy. There are 18 major Puranas. The word Purana means old. The writer of Puranas is Lomharsh’s son Ugrvarsh. It was written in the 4th century in the Gupta age. The number of Puranas are 18. Oldest Purana is the Matsya Purana. It tells about the Satvahan dynasty. In the Purana, it has been mentioned. Vayu Puran gives details about the Gupta dynasty.

This was all about the vedic literature. Hope all your queries related to this topic are clear. For more such history blogs stay connected with us.

Learn the key concepts of Vedic literature

Study notes for History topic - Vedic Literature

वैदिक साहित्य- प्रमुख अवधारणाओं को सीखें और अभ्यास करें

Hi guys, we all get curious whenever we talk about how earth was formed. So, today we are going about the formation of earth. Let&#39;s unfold some interesting facts about it.

The earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago. The earth’s structure is divided into different layers namely, crust, mantle, and core. We will discuss some of the important facts about all these layers.

<h2>Layers of earth</h2>

The Crust: The thinnest layer of the earth is about 40 km average depth. There are two types of Crust. Continental and oceanic Crust. Oceanic Crust can be found Below the continental Crust is generally harder and deeper. E.g. Basalt. Continental Crust contains granite type rocks and sediments. The outer layer of the earth Crust is known as lithosphere.

The continents are composed of lighter silicate, silica + aluminium is called Sial. The oceans have the heavier silicates, silica + magnesium is called Sima.

Mohorovicic discontinuity: It forms the boundary between the Crust and the asthenosphere ( upper part of Mantle).

The Mantle: It extends from Moho’s discontinuity to the depth of 2,900km. It is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in Iron and Magnesium. It is made up mainly of Iron and some Nickel, so it is called Nife.

Asthenosphere: The upper portion of the mantle is called the Asthenosphere. It lies just below the lithosphere.

The Outer Core: It lies between 2900 km and 5100 km below the earth surface. The outer core is composed of Iron mixed with Nickel. Temperature is about 4400° C.

The Inner Core: It is 5100 km below the earth’s surface. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field. All the earth’s layers are separated by certain boundaries which are as follows.

<h2>Discontinuities</h2>

Conrad Discontinuity: Transition zone between SIAL and SIMA.

Mohorovicic Discontinuity: Transition zone between the Crust and Mantle.

Repetti Discontinuity: Transition zone between Outer mantle and Inner mantle.

Gutenberg Discontinuity: Transition zone between Mantle and Core.

Lehmann Discontinuity: Transition zone between Outer core and Inner core.

After discussing the formation of earth, we will further discuss the elements and the materials found on earth, their types and their uses. So, stay tunned for more such interesting blogs.

Learn the key concepts of Formation of earth

Study notes for geography topic - Formation of earth

पृथ्वी का निर्माण- प्रमुख अवधारणाओं को सीखें और अभ्यास करें

A lot of competitive examinations ask questions about Awards and Honours. These questions are a bit  difficult to answer, but they are also rewarding. You must be aware of current affairs to answer these questions. You can begin after you&#39;ve read about it.

With a little practice, you&#39;ll be able to answer these General Awareness questions with ease. So we&#39;ve given you ten Awards & Honours questions to practice with. Each of these questions should take not more than a minute to answer.

 

<h2>Questions on Awards and Honours</h2>

 
You can also download the questions and answers pdf. Just click on the Download PDF button. So let&#39;s start with the first question.

Q:1 Who conferred the Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards 2023 to 84 artists?

1. Prime Minister 

2. President 

3. Cultural Minister 

4. Vice President 

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Let&#39;s start off with a recent one.

Q:2 Who among the following won 1st position in Swachhta Pakhwada Awards 2022?

1. South Western Railway 

2. Western Railway 

3. North Eastern Railway

4. Northern Railway

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This is a bit tough.

Q:3 Which among the following organisations has presented prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awards since 1985?

1. BARC

2. DRDO

3. CSIR

4. HAL

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) This one&#39;s easy. Did you get it right?

Q:4 Guglielmo Marconi was awarded Nobel Prize in which field in 1909?

1. Physics

2. Chemistry

3. Peace

4. Medicine

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This is a little tricky.

Q:5 The Emmy Awards is a major entertainment award in the United States for which of these category?

1. Music

2. Film

3. Television

4. Theatre

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) You can do this one, right?

Q:6 &#39;Ang Lee&#39; won Oscar Award in California as the best director for the film?

1. Abraham Lincon

2. Argo

3. Life of Pi

4. Searching for Sugar Man

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) This is simple too.

Q:7 Swadesh Darshan Award is given by which ministry?

1. Ministry of Tourism

2. Ministry of Culture

3. Ministry of Defense

4. Ministry of Corporate Affairs

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Read the options carefully to get this right.

Q:8 Which of the following is the highest civilian award of India?

1. Jnanpith Award

2. Bharat Ratna

3. Padma Shri

4. Padma Bhushan

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Have you read about these awards?

Q:9 ________ is the highest military decoration awarded for displaying distinguished acts of valour during the war.

1. Mahavir Chakra

2. Sena Medal

3. Param Vir Chakra

4. Shaurya Chakra

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) This isn&#39;t difficult. Think a little.

Q:10 Who among the following was the first musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna?

1. Ustad Bismillah Khan

2. Lata Mangeshkar

3. M.S. Subbulakshmi

4. Bhupen Hazarika

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Let&#39;s get done with the last one quickly.

<img alt="Awards and Honours" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Awards and Honours.webp" style="height:200px; width:400px" />

[Image Source: Wikipedia] 
 

<h2>Answer Key</h2>

Let&#39;s have a look at your score.

<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. (4)</td>
			<td>2. (1)</td>
			<td>3. (3)</td>
			<td>4. (1)</td>
			<td>5. (3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. (3)</td>
			<td>7. (1)</td>
			<td>8. (2)</td>
			<td>9. (3)</td>
			<td>10. (3)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Comment below your score, considering each question has 1 mark only. If you scored 8 to 10, congratulations! You are one step closer to selection. If you have scored 5 to 8 marks, then you are doing well, keep it up. If you have scored less than 5 marks then you need to work a little harder on this subject. But don&#39;t worry, we are here to help you master the subject.

Let&#39;s check the answers and solutions and try to find out what went wrong.

 

<h2>Answers and Solutions</h2>

 
Q:1 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Vice President

The Vice President of India Shri Jagdeep Dhankar presented the one time Sangeet Natak Akademi Amrit Awards on the occasion of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav to 84 artists from the field of performing arts of India. The artists are above the age of 75 years and haven&#39;t been accorded with any national honour in their careers.

 

Q:2 Correct answer is Option 1 i.e. South Western Railway

The Ministry of Railways launched the Swachhta Pakhwada 2023 on September 15, 2023. It is being observed from 16th September to 2nd October 2023. It is being inaugurated by Jaya Varma, Chairperson and CEO of Railway Board.

 

Q:3 Correct answer is Option 3 i.e. CSIR

Professor Rajnish Kumar of IIT Madras is awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for his significant contribution to the understanding of clathrate hydrates and Methane recovery techniques. CSIR announced the list of awardees for the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awards 2022.

 

Q:4 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Physics

Guglielmo Marconi was awarded Nobel Prize in the Physics field in 1909.

In context to his contributions towards the development of wireless telegraphy&#39;, he was awarded  Nobel Prize in the Physics field.

Guglielmo Marconi was born in Italy in 1874.

 

Q:5 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Television

The Emmy Awards is an annual presentations made for artistic, technical merit and  outstanding achievement in television in the United States.

The first Emmy Awards was presented in 1949.

 

Q:6 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Life of Pi​​​​​​

&#39;Ang Lee&#39; won Oscar Award in California as the best director for the film Life of Pi.

The storyline revolves around an Indian teenager named &#39;Pi&#39; Patel, who at 16 survives a shipwreck and is adrift in the Pacific Ocean on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger.

 

Q:7 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Ministry of Tourism

The Ministry of Tourism constituted the Swadesh Darshan Awards in various categories to acknowledge the efforts made by the State Governments, Union Territory Administrations and various implementing agencies.

A) Swadesh Darshan is a central sector scheme launched in 2014-15.

B) It was launched to develop a theme-based tourist circuit in India.

 

Q:8 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Bharat Ratna

Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award in the country.

It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour.

 

Q:9 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Param Vir Chakra

Param Vir Chakra is the highest military decoration awarded for displaying distinguished acts of valour during the war.

Major Somnath Sharma, was the first recipient. 

 

Q:10 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. M.S. Subbulakshmi

M.S. Subbulakshmi was an Indian Carnatic singer from Madurai, Tamil Nadu.

She was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1998 and became the first musician ever to be awarded the Bharat Ratna.

She is also the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award.

She was the leading exponent of classical and semi-classical songs in the Carnatic tradition of South India.

 

So that&#39;s it for today. General Awareness issues are usually important. We&#39;ll go over another topic of General Awareness later. Until then, you can practice the questions by downloading the Awards and Honours PDF.

Practice questions on the topic of General Awareness&nbsp;in exams - Awards and Honours!

Awards and Honours Questions PDF with detailed solutions

Hello dear learners, today we will unleash some important and interesting facts about our Indian parliament. So, let&#39;s start the topic.

The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government in which the parliament is the legislative organ or law-making organ of the Union Government. The Indian Parliament comprises three parts i.e. The President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha 

<h2>1. The President</h2>

The President of India is the Nominal executive and Head of the Indian State and is symbolic of unity, integrity and solidarity of the nation. He is the first citizen of India. The Election to the president is indirect through an Electoral College comprising of:

<ol>
	<li>The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament</li>
	<li>Elected Members of Legislative Assembly of States</li>
	<li>Elected Members of Legislative Assembly of Union Territories with legislature.</li>
</ol>

Qualifications for a person to be eligible for election to the office of President:

<ol>
	<li>He should be a citizen of India.</li>
	<li>He should have completed the age of 35 years.</li>
	<li>He should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.</li>
	<li>He should not hold any office of profit under the Union or any State government.</li>
</ol>

The Oath to the Office of President is administered by the Chief Justice of India or in his absence the senior most judge of the Supreme Court. The President holds office for a term of five years. He can hold the office beyond five years until his successor assumes charge. He is eligible for re-election to that office. He can resign before five years by writing to the Vice President or can be removed through the process of Impeachment. The impeachment process for removal of the President can be initiated in either House of Parliament for ‘violation of constitution’. As to what constitutes this violation is not mentioned in the constitution. The charges should be signed by one-fourth members of the house that initiated the charge and a 14-day notice should be given to the President. The impeachment resolution has to be passed by two-thirds of the total membership of both the houses.

Veto Power of the President:

<table cellspacing="0" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:15px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Veto
			</td>
			<td>
			Action
			</td>
			<td>
			Exercised in

			case of
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Absolute Veto
			</td>
			<td>
			Does not give

			assent
			</td>
			<td>
			Ordinary,

			Money bills
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Pocket Veto
			</td>
			<td>
			Doesn’t take any

			action
			</td>
			<td>
			Ordinary,

			Money
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Suspensive Veto
			</td>
			<td>
			Returns to Parliament for

			Reconsideration
			</td>
			<td>
			Ordinary Bills only
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Please note that no Veto Power can be exercised in case of constitutional amendment bills.

The President also enjoys ordinance making powers when both or any of the houses are not in session. The Ordinance so promulgated has to be approved by both the houses within six weeks of their reassembly and as there can be maximum six months between two sessions of Parliament in a year, the ordinance survives for maximum six months and six weeks. The President also has certain pardoning powers. He can: 1. Remit 2. Reprieve 3. Respite 4. Pardon sentences in case of Union Law, sentence by Court Martial and death sentences even of State Laws. Further the president has the powers to proclaim emergency. Under Article 352 of the constitution, he can proclaim national emergency on the ground of war, external aggression or armed rebellion only on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers by the 44th Amendment Act. He can proclaim emergency in a state also known as President’s Rule on the recommendation of the Governor or by himself on the advice of Union CoM. The financial emergency is proclaimed on the advice of Union CoM.

<h2>2. Lok Sabha</h2>

The Lok Sabha or House of People is the lower house of Indian Parliament, elections to which are direct. The Maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552. At present, the Lok Sabha has 545 members. Of these 530 members represent the states, 13 represent the Union territories. There are seats reserved in Lok Sabha on the basis of population ratios i.e. from each state such number of seats will be reserved for SCs and STs as their respective proportion in the population of the concerned state without any separate electorates. The duration of Lok Sabha is for five years. However, it can be dissolved prior to the completion of five years also on the recommendation by the Prime Minister to the President or in certain other cases as well.

The Lok Sabha is presided over by the Speaker who is elected from amongst the members of the house itself and by members themselves on such a date as assigned by the President. Further, he can be removed from his office by passing a resolution supported by a majority of total membership of the house i.e. above 50%. He can also resign by giving his resignation to the Deputy Speaker. He is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day business of the house adjourning the sitting or adjournment since the sitting along with deciding on the question of disqualification of a member on grounds of defection. He also presides over the joint sitting of the two houses and decides on the question whether a bill is a money bill or not. The Deputy Speaker is also elected from amongst the members by them and takes the speaker’s responsibility in his absence. He resigns writing to the Speaker.

<h2>3. Rajya Sabha</h2>

The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of Indian Parliament, elections to which are indirect. The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250. At present Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Of these, 229 represent the states, 4 represent the Union Territories and 12 members are nominated by the President on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet. The nominated members are experts or eminent personalities from art, literature, science and social service. The members of Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies. Seats are allotted to states on the basis of population of each state. Unlike Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber, that is, it is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of its members retire every second year. The term of members of Rajya Sabha is six years. The President decides the order of retirement of members of Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha is presided over by the Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Vice President of India acts as the ex officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.

Some important concepts regarding Parliament:

<ol>
	<li>Summoning: The President of India summons, on PMs Recommendation, each house for carrying out the session. There cannot be more than six months gap between two sessions i.e. there cannot be less than two sessions in a year. Usually there are three sessions viz. Budget, Monsoon and Winter.</li>
	<li>Adjournment: A sitting of the house is terminated through adjournment which is issued by the speaker of the house.</li>
	<li>Adjournment Sine Die: Termination of a sitting for an indefinite period is known as adjournment sine die which is also issued by the speaker of the house.</li>
	<li>Prorogue: After every session of Parliament is over following a few days the President issues the order for prorogation which marks the end of session and house is summoned again.</li>
	<li>Ordinary Bills: Bills concerning any matter other than financial are known as ordinary bills. Once they are passed by the introducing house the next house can either accept, reject or put amendments to the bill. Such amendments may or may not be accepted by the original house.</li>
	<li>Money Bills: Article 110 of the Constitution deals with the concept of money bills which are concerned with taxation, borrowing, expenditure etc. They necessarily are introduced in Lok Sabha and with prior recommendation of the President. Further, before transmitting to Rajya Sabha, the speaker certifies the bill as Money Bill. Money Bill cannot be rejected or amended by Rajya Sabha, which can only put suggestions which may or may not be accepted by Lok Sabha.</li>
	<li>Financial Bills: Article 117 of the constitution deals with Financial Bills. There are two types of Financial Bills: Financial Bill I which can be introduced only in Lok Sabha and can only be introduced on the recommendation of the President, except this, Financial Bill I is just like an ordinary bill. Financial Bill II does not concern matters mentioned in Article 110 and Presidential recommendation is required at the consideration stage, except this, for all other matters they are treated just like ordinary bills.</li>
	<li>Joint Sitting: In case the second house rejects the bill passed by the first or the amendments proposed by it are not accepted by the first house, a deadlock takes place which is resolved by the joint sitting of the two houses summoned by the President. The bill is passed with majority of the members present and voting i.e. simple majority. Further joint sitting is not summoned for Constitution Amendment Bills and Money Bills. The speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the joint sitting and in his absence, the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha and even in his absence, the Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha.</li>
	<li>Question Hour: The first hour of every sitting is slotted for this. There are three types of questions asked:
	<ol>
		<li>Starred question: Requires oral reply hence supplementary question can follow.</li>
		<li>Unstarred question: Requires written answer, hence supplementary question cannot follow.</li>
		<li>Short Notice question: Notice of ten days is given prior to it. It is answered orally.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<h2>No-Confidence Motion and Censure Motion</h2>

<table cellspacing="0" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:16px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			No-Confidence Motion
			</td>
			<td>
			Censure Motion
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>The Council of Ministers stays in office only so long as it enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha; once the confidence is withdrawn the Government is bound to resign. The motion is generally known as “no- confidence motion”.</li>
				<li>It does not specify any ground on which it is based.</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>A censure motion can be moved against the Council of Ministers or against an individual Minister for failing to act or for some policy. Reasons for the censure must be precisely enumerated.</li>
				<li>It has to mention the charges against the Government for which it is being moved.</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Hope you liked learning about the parliament of India. Stay connected for more.

Learn the key concepts of Parliament

Study notes for Polity topic Parliament

सामान्य जागरूकता - राजव्यवस्था विषय संसद के लिए अध्ययन नोट्स

Today we will be learning about the economic planning in India. Let&#39;s first know the background of it.

When the British left India, the Indian economy was in a very bad state. The basic infrastructure was missing. So there was a challenge to build the economy from scratch. For this, economic planning was adopted. This was one of the things that we adopted from the Soviet Union. The task of planning was given to the Planning Commission, which was established in 1950. The Prime Minister was the Chairman of this commission. But in 2015, it was replaced by NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) on 1 January 2015 by PM Narendra Modi.

<h2>Five year plans</h2>

Let&#39;s discuss the Five-Year Plans now. The first five year plan was started by our first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951.

FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1951-56)

It was based on the Harrod-Domar Model. Objectives were:

<ol>
	<li>To correct the disequilibrium in the economy caused by the influx of refugees, food shortage and increasing inflation.</li>
	<li>To have all-around balanced development to ensure a rising national income and improvement in living standards. It emphasis on agriculture, price stability, power & transport.</li>
</ol>

SECOND FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1956-61)

It is known as Mahala Nobis Plan after its chief architect PC Mahala Nobis. The objective was rapid industrialization with basic and heavy industries. The Industrial Policy of 1956 emphasized the role of the Public Sector. Shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to Industry.

THIRD FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1961-66)

The objective was to make India a ‘self-reliant’ and ‘self generating’ economy. Also called ‘Gadgil Yojana’. Agriculture was again given top priority. It is focused on reducing the inequalities of income and wealth. The IndoChina War (1962) and Indo-Pak war (1965) along with severe drought led to its failure, and India had to borrow from the IMF.

THREE ANNUAL PLAN (1966-69)

There was no long-term planning in these 3 years so it is known as Plan holiday. The emphasis was on agriculture. The Green Revolution was pioneered during this period. Planning restarted in 1969 after the economy stabilised during annual plans.

FORTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1969-74)

The objective was to ‘grow with stability and progress towards self-reliance&#39;. Focussed on agriculture mainly. It witnessed the Indo-Pak war (1971) and an influx of Bangladeshi refugees, resulting in High Inflation, prices increased by about 40-60%

FIFTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1974-79)

It formulated by D.D. Dhar and objectives were:

<ol>
	<li>Removal of poverty (Garibi Hatao)</li>
	<li>Self-reliance, through significant growth in domestic savings. National Program of Minimum Needs (NPMN) was initiated which focussed on primary education, drinking water, medical facilities in rural areas, electrification, etc.</li>
</ol>

The plan was terminated in 1978, instead of 1979, as the government changed.

ROLLING PLAN (1978-80)

It is called a Rolling Plan because there were 2 Plans, one by the Janata Party Government which was in operation for 2 years and the second by the Congress Government when it returned to power in 1980.

SIXTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1980-85)

Objectives: Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring a continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning, etc.

SEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1985-90)

&#39;Jawahar Rozgar Yojana’ was launched under this plan. Vakil-Brahmananda’s wage-good strategy was adopted. Private sector was given priority over the public sector in this planning. It focussed on policies to achieve rapid growth in food-grains production and increased employment opportunities. The economy recorded a 6% growth rate.

EIGHTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1992-97)

The plan undertook new measures to incorporate LPG reforms and to grow simultaneously, focused on the modernization of industries. Rapid economic growth due to high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, there was an improvement in the balance of trade and current account deficit. Indicative planning was first used in this plan, based on the model of John. W. Muller.

NINTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1997-2002)

The main focus of this plan was ‘growth with justice and equity.’ It was launched in the 50th year of the independence of India. Economy recorded a 5.6% growth rate when the target was 7%. The services grew at the rate of 7.8%.

TENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2002-2007)

Its objectives included doubling per capita income, achieving a growth rate of 8%, reducing the poverty ratio to 20% and universal access to primary education. A 20-point programme was introduced.

ELEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2007-2012)

It prepared by C. Rangarajan with the motto ‘faster and more inclusive growth.’ It Focussed on:

<ol>
	<li>Increase in agricultural GDP growth.</li>
	<li>Reduce dropout rates of children from elementary school.</li>
	<li>Increase literacy rate.</li>
	<li>Reduce infant mortality rate.</li>
	<li>Ensure electricity connection to all villages.</li>
	<li>Increase forest and tree cover.</li>
</ol>

TWELFTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2012-2017)

Its motto is “faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth”. It emphasis is on inclusive development focusing on agriculture and crucial social sectors including health, education, women and children.It was the last 5-year plan. 

Hope all your queries related to this topic are clear. Stay in touch for more.

Learn the key concepts of Economic planning in India

Study notes for economy topic Economic Planning in India

सामान्य जागरूकता - भारत में अर्थव्यवस्था विषय आर्थिक नियोजन के लिए अध्ययन नोट्स

Many competitive examinations feature music-related questions. These are tricky to answer, but are also rewarding. To answer these questions, you must be familiar with different forms of music as well as musical instruments. You can begin once you are aware of it.

With a little practice, you&#39;ll be able to answer these General Awareness questions with ease. So here are ten Music practice questions for you to try. Each of these questions should take not more than a minute to answer.

 

<h2>Questions on Music</h2>

You can also download the questions and answers pdf. Just click on the Download PDF button. So let&#39;s start with the first question.

Q:1 In which of the following Performing Arts, Mizhavu is the major musical instrument?

1. Kuchipudi

2. Sattariya

3. Koodiyattam

4. Odishi

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Have you heard of this instrument?

Q:2 Bismillah Khan was associated with which musical instrument?

1. Flute

2. Shehnai

3. Tabla    

4. Sitar

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) This one&#39;s easy

Q:3 Dhenka is a musical instrument of which one of the following Indian states?

1. Kerala

2. Odisha

3. Maharashtra

4. Goa

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Do you know about this instrument?

Q:4 With which of the following state &#39;Khuang&#39;, a traditional musical instrument is associated?

1. Assam

2. Mizoram

3. Jharkhand

4. West Bengal

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This is a little diificult.

Q:5 Gangubai Hangal belongs to which Gharana of Hindustani music?

1. Agra gharana

2. Gwalior gharana

3. Banaras gharana

4. Kirana gharana

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Do you know who she is?

Q:6 Shahid Parvez is an Indian traditional musician, which instrument he plays?

1. Veena

2. Sarangi

3. Sitar

4. Tabla

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) You can do this one. Think a little.

Q:7 With which of the following tradition of classical music Pandit Bhimsen Joshi is associated?

1. Qawwali

2. Thumri

3. Carnatic

4. Hindustani

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This is a bit tough.

Q:8 Which of the following is a devotional folk music of Manipur usually sung by a group of people?

1. Domkach

2. Khubak eshei

3. Gha To Kito

4. Banvarh

(Difficulty: 4, Estimated Time: 25 Seconds) We are almost at the end. Hurry up!

Q:9 Which is the famous folk music from Uttar Pradesh?

1. Rasiya         

2. Limbu

3. Tusu Gaan

4. Maand

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Read the options carefully before answering.

Q:10 Name the famous music gharana to which famous artists Anokhelal Mishra, Samta Prasad, Rajan-Sajan Mishra etc belonged.

1. Agra Gharana

2. Lucknow Gharanah 

3. Kirana Gharana

4. Banaras Gharana

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Let&#39;s wrap up with this last one quickly.

<img alt="Music" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Music.webp" style="height:200px; width:400px" />

[Image Source: Adobe Stock] 
 

<h2>Answer Key</h2>

Let&#39;s have a look at your score.

<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. (3)</td>
			<td>2. (2)</td>
			<td>3. (2)</td>
			<td>4. (2)</td>
			<td>5. (4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. (3)</td>
			<td>7. (4)</td>
			<td>8. (2)</td>
			<td>9. (1)</td>
			<td>10. (4)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Comment below your score, considering each question has 1 mark only. If you scored 8 to 10, congratulations! You are one step closer to selection. If you have scored 5 to 8 marks, then you are doing well, keep it up. If you have scored less than 5 marks then you need to work a little harder on this subject. But don&#39;t worry, we are here to help you master the subject.

Let&#39;s check the answers and solutions and try to find out what went wrong.

 

<h2>Answers and Solutions</h2>

Q:1 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Koodiyattam

Mizhavu is a big copper drum played as an accompanying percussion instrument in the Koodiyattam and Koothu.

It is played by the Ambalavasi Nambiar community.

The mizhavu is a pot drum that is made from a very large pot, us­ually made of copper or brass, that is covered with skin.

There is a small sound hole in the side.

It is associated with the trad­itional Sanskrit theatre of Kerala.

 

Q:2 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Shehnai

Bismillah Khan often referred to by the title Ustad, was an Indian musician credited with popularizing the shehnai.

His original name was Qamruddin Khan.

More Info About Options:-

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Instruments</td>
			<td>                       Indian musicians </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flute</td>
			<td>Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Pannalal Ghosh, N Ramani</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabla</td>
			<td>Zakir Hussain, Sabir Khan, Pt. Kishan Maharaj, Sandeep Das</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sitar</td>
			<td>Pt Ravi Shankar, Anushka Shankar, Hara Shankar Bhattacharya, Nikhil Banerjee, Vilayat Khan, Mushtaq Ali Khan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shehnai</td>
			<td>Bismillah Khan, Krishna Ram Chaudhary, Ali Ahmad Hussain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veena</td>
			<td>Zia Mohiuddin Dagar, Ayyagari Syamasundaram, Doraiswamy Iyengar, Chittibabu, Dhanammal, KR Kumaraswamy, Sundaram Balachandrer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sarangi</td>
			<td>Shakoor Khan, Pt Ram Narayan, Ramesh Mishra, Sultan Khan, Ustad Binda Khan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Violin</td>
			<td>MS Gopalakrishnan, NR Muralidharan, M Chandrasekharan, Lalgudi Jayaraman</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guitar</td>
			<td>Braj Bhushan Kabra</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Santoor</td>
			<td>Pt. Shiv Kumar Sharma, Bhajan Sopori</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Q:3 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Odisha

The instrument Dhenka is used for the composition of a number of poems by Kavisurya Baladeva Ratha through its novel melodious tunings.

Other musical instruments like Veena, Kendra, Sarangi, Ektara, Behela, and Dhenka are well-known and in vogue throughout the State.

 

Q:4 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Mizoram

1. Mizoram&#39;s folk music consists of vocals (singing) accompanied by traditional drums, gong and other native percussion instruments. 

2. Khuang is the only Mizo traditional musical instrument that is popularly used in the 20th and 21st centuries.

3. The drums are made from a hollow tree trunk with a membrane made from cowhide and the gongs, made of brass, are very similar to those found in Myanmar.

 

Q:5 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Kirana gharana

1. Gangubai Hangal, a Hindustani classical singer belonging to Kirana Gharana, was born on March 13, 1913, in Karnataka, India.

2. She was especially praised for her songs in the Khayal genre.

 

Q:6 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Sitar

Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan is an Indian classical sitar player, he belongs to Imdadkhani Gharana.

He belongs to the 7th generation of Etawah Gharana.

Mr. Shahid Khan has a long list of achievements which includes the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Hindustani Music - Instrumental (Sitar) and Padma Shri.

 

Q:7 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Hindustani

1. Pandit Bhimsen Joshi is associated with the Hindustani tradition of classical music.

2. He is known for the &#39;Khayal&#39; form of singing.

 

Q:8 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Khubak eshei

1. Khubak Eshei is celebrated within the temple during the rains, marking the chariot festival of the Lord.

2. It is celebrated in the rainy season in Manipur.

 

Q:9 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Rasiya 
●    Rasiya is a famous folk music of Braj area of Uttar Pradesh.  
●    Limbu is a famous folk music of Sikkim. 
●    Tusu Gaan is a famous folk music of West Bengal.  
●    Maand is a famous folk music of Rajasthan.

 

Q:10 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Banaras Gharana

1. Banaras Gharana is one of the common styles of playing Tabla.

2. The Banaras tabla gharana is well known for its powerful sound. The Banaras style makes use of the more resonant strokes of tabla, such as Na (played on the lao), and Din.

3. The tabla solo is highly developed in the Banaras gharana, and some artists, such as Anokhelal Mishra, Samta Prasad, Nanhku Maharaj 13th generations, and Kishan Maharaj, have become famous as tabla soloists.

 

So that&#39;s it for today. General Awareness issues are generally important. We&#39;ll go over another topic of General Awareness later. Until then, you can practice the questions by downloading the Music PDF.

Practice questions on the topic of General Awareness&nbsp;in exams - Music!

Questions on Music with detailed solutions

Presently we will be studying about 16 great kingdoms or Mahajanapadas. Let&#39;s get started then.

Angutara Nikaya, a Buddhist scripture mentions 16 great kingdoms or Mahajanapadas at the beginning of the 6th century BCE in India. They emerged during the Vedic Age. The history of the emergence of Mahajanapadas can be linked to the development of eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar during the 6th to 4th century BCE where agriculture flourished due to the availability of fertile lands and iron production increased due to availability of iron ore in large quantities. This resulted in the expansion of the territories of the Janapadas (due to the use of iron weapons) and later addressed as 16 highly developed regions or the Mahajanpadas.

The Janapadas were the major kingdoms of Vedic India. During that period, Aryans were the most powerful tribes and were called ‘Janas’. This gave rise to the term Janapada where Jana means ‘people’ and Pada means ‘foot’. In addition, this is regarded as the second urbanization period following the Harappan civilization. During this time, the political center changed from the Indo-Gangetic plains’ west to its east. This was related to higher land fertility brought on by more rivers and rainfall. Additionally, it was nearer to regions that produced iron.

<h2>16 Mahajanapadas</h2>

1. Anga:

<ul>
	<li>Champa was the capital.</li>
	<li>It can be found in West Bengal and Bihar of the present.</li>
	<li>Suvarnabhumi was a major trading hub on the commerce routes, therefore merchants travelled there (South East Asia).</li>
</ul>

2. Magadha:

<ul>
	<li>Rajagriha was the capital.</li>
	<li>Magadha is mentioned in the Atharva Veda.</li>
	<li>It was separated from Anga in present-day Bihar by the Champa River.</li>
</ul>

3. Kasi:

<ul>
	<li>Varanasi was the capital.</li>
	<li>This city was given its names from the rivers Varuna and Asi, according to the Matsya Purana.</li>
</ul>

4. Vatsa:

<ul>
	<li>The capital was called Kausambi or Kaushambi (which was at the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna).</li>
	<li>It was situated on the banks of the Yamuna.</li>
	<li>This Mahajanapada had a monarchical form of government.</li>
</ul>

5. Kosala:

<ul>
	<li>Shravasti (northern) and Kushavati (southern) was the capital.</li>
	<li>The region also includes Ayodhya, an important city with ties to the Ramayana.</li>
	<li>The tribal republican territory of the Sakyas of Kapilavastu is also a part of Kosala.</li>
</ul>

6. Shurasene:

<ul>
	<li>Its capital, Mathura, was situated along the Yamuna River.</li>
	<li>This place served as a hub for Krishna devotion during Megasthenes’ period.</li>
	<li>Also influential were the Buddha’s followers.</li>
</ul>

7. Panchala:

<ul>
	<li>Ahichchatra (modern Bareilly), its capital for northern Panchala, and Kampilya, its capital for southern Panchala (modern Farrukhabad).</li>
	<li>The renowned city of Kannauj was situated in the Panchala Kingdom.</li>
</ul>

8. Kuru:

<ul>
	<li>Indraprastha was the capital.</li>
	<li>Kuru Mahajanapada was born close to Kurukshetra.</li>
	<li>Republican governance was implemented.</li>
</ul>

9. Matsya:

<ul>
	<li>Viratanagara was the capital.</li>
	<li>It was located south of the Kurus and west of the Panchalas.</li>
	<li>It is situated in the Jaipur, Alwar, and Bharatpur region of Rajasthan.</li>
</ul>

10. Chedi: 

<ul>
	<li>Sothivathi was the capital.</li>
	<li>It is currently situated in the Bundelkhand region (Central India).</li>
</ul>

11. Avanti:

<ul>
	<li>Ujjaini or Mahishmati was the capital.</li>
	<li> Avanti had a significant part in the development of Buddhism.</li>
	<li>It situated in what is now Madhya Pradesh and Malwa.</li>
</ul>

12. Gandhara:

<ul>
	<li>Taxila was the capital (Takshashila).</li>
	<li>Gandhara is mentioned in the Atharva Veda.</li>
	<li>In terms of world trade, it was significant.</li>
	<li>A strong king is Pushkarasarin..</li>
</ul>

13. Kamboja:

<ul>
	<li>Poonch was the capital.</li>
	<li>It is situated in the Hindukush and Kashmir of the present.</li>
	<li>Kamboja was a republic, according to several literary sources.</li>
</ul>

14. Asmaka:

<ul>
	<li>Potali/Podana was the capital.</li>
	<li>It was located along the Godavari River.</li>
	<li>In Dakshinapatha, which is situated south of the Vindhya Range, it was the sole Mahajanapada.</li>
	<li>The Pratisthan or Paithan region is included.</li>
</ul>

15. Vajji:

<ul>
	<li>Vaishali was the capital.</li>
	<li>The most powerful clans were the Lichchhavis (Capital – Vaishali), Videhans (Capital – Mithila), and Jnatrikas (based in Kundapura).</li>
	<li>Mahavira belonged to the Jnatrikas family.</li>
</ul>

16. Malla:

<ul>
	<li>The capitals are Kusinara and Pava.</li>
	<li>It is mentioned in the Mahabharata as well as Buddhist and Jain texts.</li>
	<li>A democratic republic existed in Malla.</li>
	<li>Its area reached the northern frontier of the Vajji state.</li>
</ul>

The Mahajanapadas were sixteen oligarchic republics or kingdoms that existed in ancient India between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation era. A collection of sixteen ancient Indian kingdoms was known as the Mahajanapadas. With the decline of the Vedic civilisation, Magadha empire rose to power whose timeline is from 680-320 BCE. The Magadha Empire encompasses the rule of three dynasties over time – Haryanka Dynasty, Shishunaga Dynasty and Nanda Dynasty. The four Mahajanapadas – Magadha, Kosala, Avanti and Vatsa were vying for supremacy from the 6th century BCE to the 4th century BCE. Finally, Magadha emerged victorious and was able to gain sovereignty. It became the most powerful state in ancient India. Magadha is situated in modern Bihar. The NBPW phase marked the beginning of the second urbanisation in India. With the appearance of the towns in the middle Gangetic basin in the 6th century BCE, a second urbanisation began in India. Houses were mostly made up of mud brick and wood. Structures excavated are not really impressive but together with other material remains they indicate a huge population when compared with the Painted Grey Ware settlements. This period 600-200 BCE also saw the rise of Buddhism and Jainism. During the 5th-6th centuries BC two new religions emerged in the form of Jainism and Buddhism.

This was all about Mahajanapadas. Hoping your all queries got cleared.

Learn the key concepts of&nbsp;Mahajanapadas

Study notes for History topic Mahajanpadas

सामान्य जागरूकता - इतिहास विषय महाजनपद के लिए अध्ययन नोट्स

Shivansh holds a Master's degree in Geography. He is passionate about UPSC and UGC NET JRF, and loves to share his knowledge.

General Awareness Content Writer

JK Rowling is a well-known writer. Her thrilling tales of magic have captured the attention of millions of readers all over the world. The author's journey from a struggling single mother to one of the most popular writers of our time is remarkable. We'll go into JK Rowling's literary legacy in this blog post and examine some of her most fantastic works.

<h2 id="content-id-1299-0">JK Rowling's Early Years and The Birth of Harry Potter</h2>

<img alt="JK Rowling words" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_words.webp" style="height:338px; width:600px">

[Source: WallpaperCave]

JK Rowling's path to literary fame was anything but a fairy tale. JK Rowling struggled with personal troubles, such as a failed marriage, and financial issues. After graduating from the University of Exeter. She found herself doing a variety of odd jobs. The concept of a young wizard named Harry Potter first emerged in her imagination when she was traveling by train from Manchester to London in 1990.

Rowling had a brilliant idea for Harry Potter and the magical world of Hogwarts. She created the story over the following many years, combining thrilling plots, lovable characters, and a great mythology. She gave her all to writing despite the difficulties of being a single parent and her financial situation. 
JK Rowling sent her book to several publishers but had several rejections. JK Rowling's Bloomsbury Publishing decided to publish "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". No one anticipated that this selection would herald the beginning of one of literature's most enduring franchises.

If you want to buy harry potter books then <a href="https://www.flipkart.com/harry-potter-books-set-4-books-2020-paperback-english-j-k-rowling-harry-philosopher-s-stone-chamber-secrets-prisoner-azkaban-harry-goblet-fire-book/p/itm07a36bbcd771e?pid=RBKGRDN86YSVGQSB&lid=LSTRBKGRDN86YSVGQSBGGTWEK&marketplace=FLIPKART&q=harry+potter+book+by+jk+rowling&store=bks&srno=s_1_2&otracker=AS_Query_OrganicAutoSuggest_4_20_na_pm_ps&otracker1=AS_Query_OrganicAutoSuggest_4_20_na_pm_ps&fm=search-autosuggest&iid=41973ede-c53a-45f1-a0bc-e8c97f01d644.RBKGRDN86YSVGQSB.SEARCH&ppt=sp&ppn=sp&ssid=9hzvivui0w0000001700235662970&qH=1e89aac0997ba360">Click here</a> 

<h2 id="content-id-1299-1">JK Rowling's Wizarding World</h2>

JK Rowling's career as a writer got its start. JK Rowling's imagination began to take the form of a young kid discovering his magical heritage. Along with the creation of Diagon Alley, Hogwarts, and several magical animals, we also saw the creation of the Harry Potter character.

In 1997, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (known as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the US) was released to the public. The fantastical world that Rowling had painstakingly created captivated readers of all ages. Readers were attracted by the tale of an orphaned youngster named Harry Potter finding his purpose in life and facing the evil wizard Voldemort.

<h2 id="content-id-1299-2">JK Rowling's Harry Potter Book Series</h2>

JK Rowling's Harry Potter book series has captured the hearts and minds of readers of all ages since the first book was released in 1997. All books are listed here:

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997)

<img alt="JK Rowling scocers stone" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_scocers_stone.webp" style="height:907px; width:600px"> 

[Source: Amazon]

The adventure started with "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" in the United Kingdom and "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the United States. We follow Harry on his adventures as he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, develops lifelong friends, and solves the Sorcerer's Stone riddle.

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998)

<img alt="JK Rowling chambers" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_chambers.webp" style="height:870px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

In the second novel, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets," Harry returns to Hogwarts for his second year, only to discover that the school is under attack from a series of unexplained attacks. He travels into the Chamber of Secrets with the help of his close friends, Ron and Hermione, to discover the truth about the creature there.

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)

<img alt="JK Rowling prisoner" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_prisoner.webp" style="height:872px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban," the third volume, finds Harry learning about his background and his relationship with the famous prisoner, Sirius Black. As he learns the truth about his parents' murders and the betrayal of their friend, Peter Pettigrew, the story takes a darker turn.

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000)

<img alt="JK Rowling goblet" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_goblet.webp" style="height:870px; width:600px">

[source: Amazon]

"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" is an important chapter in the series. Harry is suddenly chosen to compete in the Triwizard Tournament, a perilous magical competition. The wizarding world begins to figure out the return of the Dark Lord as he encounters many trials, including a horrifying encounter with Lord Voldemort.

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003)

<img alt="JK Rowling order" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_order.webp" style="height:707px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

The wizarding world is in disorder in "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix," as the Ministry of Magic refuses to recognize Voldemort's reappearance. Harry and his friends organize "Dumbledore's Army" to resist the increasing threat. This book delves into subjects such as loss, leadership, and the power of unity.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)

<img alt="JK Rowling blood" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_blood.webp" style="height:881px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" uncovers crucial information about Voldemort's Horcruxes, items containing fragments of his soul, as Harry begins his sixth year at Hogwarts. Dumbledore and Harry set off on a mission to wipe out the Horcruxes and weaken the Dark Lord's hold on the world.

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007)

<img alt="JK Rowling hollows" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_hollows.webp" style="height:861px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows," the series' epic conclusion, sees Harry, Ron, and Hermione go on a perilous adventure to find and destroy the last Horcruxes. Readers witness the triumph of love, camaraderie, and bravery against darkness as the last fight between good and evil plays out.

<a href="https://kvongcmehsanalibrary.wordpress.com/portfolio/1128/">Click Here</a> to get a free ebook of all harry potter books.

<h2 id="content-id-1299-3">JK Rowling's Phenomenal Success of the Harry Potter Series</h2>

<img alt="JK Rowling harry potter" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_harry_potter.webp" style="height:466px; width:600px">

[Source: Vanity Fair]

The Harry Potter books and movies have achieved phenomenal success, Throughout seven volumes. JK Rowling leads readers on a quest for understanding, companionship, and the ongoing struggle between good and evil. Fans waited in line at bookstores for midnight launches of each new book in the series.

Rowling's talent for developing a complex web of characters served as a shining example of her literary prowess. Each character, from the valiant Hermione Granger to the devoted Ron Weasley to the mysterious Severus Snape, was multi-dimensional, approachable, and made an impression on readers. JK Rowling examined the concepts of love, sacrifice, discrimination, and the power of choice through these characters.

<h2 id="content-id-1299-4">JK Rowling's Other Works Beyond Harry Potter</h2>

Even while the Harry Potter series is unquestionably her most well-known work, JK Rowling has dabbled in various literary genres, demonstrating her versatility as a writer. Some of JK Rowling's works are listed here:

The Casual Vacancy (2012): The delicacy of small-town politics and social dynamics are examined by Rowling in this mature book. Although it was outside the realm of fantasy, it displayed her skill as a storyteller.

The Cormoran Strike Series: Cormoran Strike, a private eye, appears in several of Rowling's crime novels written under the alias Robert Galbraith. The intriguing mysteries and well-developed characters in these tales, which include "The Cuckoo's Calling," "The Silkworm," and "Career of Evil," have won praise.

Ickabog (2020): "The Ickabog" is a fairy tale containing themes of truth, justice, and the abuse of power that is geared toward a younger audience. As a present to kids and families during the COVID-19 outbreak, Rowling made this book available online for free.

Various Essays and Short Stories: In addition to novels, Rowling has also authored essays and short pieces, such as "Tales of Beedle the Bard," which offers more details on the wizarding world.

<h2 id="content-id-1299-5">JK Rowling's Other Adaptations</h2>

JK Rowling continues to write and experiment with many genres following the conclusion of the Harry Potter series. JK Rowling wrote several detective novels with Cormoran Strike under the pen name Robert Galbraith. These books, beginning with "The Cuckoo's Calling," demonstrated her range as a writer and won praise from critics. With books like "The Casual Vacancy," which examines the dynamics of a small community and the secrets that lie beneath the surface, JK Rowling has also written for grownups. 

Harry Potter's success as a series led to a successful movie adaptation, which helped readers and viewers fall even more in love with the series' characters and locations. The eight-film series, which included a stellar cast and breathtaking special effects, faithfully recreated Rowling's fantasy setting. The Harry Potter series has been transformed into a variety of different media like Films, cartoons, etc. As a result, other media include stage plays, theme parks, and video games.

<h2 id="content-id-1299-6">JK Rowling's Controversies and Challenges in Her Life</h2>

<img alt="JK Rowling quates" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK_Rowling_quates.webp" style="height:291px; width:600px">

[Source: WallpaperCave]

It is impossible to talk about JK Rowling without mentioning the recent issues that have surrounded her. Intense debates and criticism have resulted from her remarks on gender identity and transgender problems. JK Rowling's reputation was badly impacted by these difficulties. It is important to acknowledge that her work has had a significant impact on both literature and readers' lives. JK Rowling's writing is outstanding for its ability to subvert prejudices and advance inclusivity. Hermione Granger, whose race wasn't expressly stated in the books, and Albus Dumbledore, who was discovered to be gay, were among the characters she presented.

In conclusion, the rise of JK Rowling from a struggling author to a worldwide literary sensation is proof of the potency of narrative. We must be aware of the complexity of her public appearance and the debates surrounding her as we examine her great writings, beyond the confines of her works.  

How was your experience reading through this article? Your opinions and participation are extremely valuable to us. So, kindly share your views in the comment section. For more such content to read and get any kind of educational information then kindly visit <a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/">KD Live</a>.

<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/books-and-authors/william-shakespeare-life-important-works-and-his-legacy">Click Here</a> to read about William Shakespeare and his famous Writings.

<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/books-and-authors/leo-tolstoy-exploring-the-depths-of-humanity-through-words">Click here</a> to read about Leo Tolstoy and his famous works.

J.K. Rowling is a well-known writer. Her&nbsp;thrilling tales of magic have captured the attention of millions of readers all over the world. The author&#39;s journey from a struggling single mother to one of the most popular writers of our time is remarkable. We&#39;ll go into J.K. Rowling&#39;s literary legacy in this blog post and examine some of her most fantastic works.

Rowling&#39;s Early Years and The Birth of Harry Potter

<img alt="JK Rowling words" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling words.webp" style="height:338px; width:600px" />

[Source: WallpaperCave]

J.K. Rowling&#39;s path to literary fame was anything but a fairy tale. She struggled with personal troubles, such as a failed marriage, and financial issues. After graduating from the University of Exeter. She found herself doing a variety of odd jobs. The concept of a young wizard named Harry Potter first emerged in her imagination when she was traveling by train from Manchester to London in 1990.

Rowling had a brilliant idea for Harry Potter and the magical world of Hogwarts. She created the story over the following many years, combining thrilling plots, lovable characters, and a great mythology. She gave her all to writing despite the difficulties of being a single parent and her financial situation. 
J.K. Rowling sent her book to several publishers but had several rejections. Bloomsbury Publishing decided to publish &quot;Harry Potter and the Philosopher&#39;s Stone&quot;. No one anticipated that this selection would herald the beginning of one of literature&#39;s most enduring franchises.

<h2>Rowling&#39;s Wizarding World</h2>

J.K. Rowling&#39;s career as a writer got its start. Her imagination began to take the form of a young kid discovering his magical heritage. Along with the creation of Diagon Alley, Hogwarts, and several magical animals, we also saw the creation of the Harry Potter character.

In 1997, &quot;Harry Potter and the Philosopher&#39;s Stone&quot; (known as &quot;Harry Potter and the Sorcerer&#39;s Stone&quot; in the US) was released to the public.&nbsp;The fantastical world that Rowling had painstakingly created captivated readers of all ages. Readers were attracted by the tale of an orphaned youngster named Harry Potter finding his purpose in life and facing the evil wizard Voldemort.

<h2>Rowling&#39;s Harry Potter Book Series</h2>

J.K. Rowling&#39;s Harry Potter book series has captured the hearts and minds of readers of all ages since the first book was released in 1997. This fascinating series has spawned not just books, but also movies, documents, theme parks, and a devoted fan following. The books are listed here:

<h3>Harry Potter and the Philosopher&#39;s Stone (1997)</h3>

<img alt="JK Rowling scocers stone" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling scocers stone.webp" style="height:484px; width:320px" />

[Source: Amazon]

The adventure started with &quot;Harry Potter and the Philosopher&#39;s Stone&quot; in the United Kingdom and &quot;Harry Potter and the Sorcerer&#39;s Stone&quot; in the United States. This novel introduces us to Harry Potter, a young orphaned wizard who discovers the magical world. We follow Harry on his adventures as he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, develops lifelong friends, and solves the Sorcerer&#39;s Stone riddle.

<h3>Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998)</h3>

<img alt="JK Rowling chambers" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling chambers.webp" style="height:464px; width:320px" />[Source: Amazon]

In the second novel, &quot;Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets,&quot; Harry returns to Hogwarts for his second year, only to discover that the school is under attack from a series of unexplained attacks. He travels into the Chamber of Secrets with the help of his close friends, Ron and Hermione, to discover the truth about the creature there.

<h3>Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)</h3>

<img alt="JK rowling prisoner" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK rowling prisoner.jpg" style="height:465px; width:320px" />

[Source: Amazon]

&quot;Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,&quot; the third volume, finds Harry learning about his background and his relationship with the famous prisoner, Sirius Black. As he learns the truth about his parents&#39; murders and the betrayal of their friend, Peter Pettigrew, the story takes a darker turn.

<h3>Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000)</h3>

<img alt="JK Rowling goblet" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling goblet.webp" style="height:464px; width:320px" />

[source Amazon]

&quot;Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire&quot; is an important chapter in the series. Harry is suddenly chosen to compete in the Triwizard Tournament, a perilous magical competition. The wizarding world begins to figure out the return of the Dark Lord as he encounters many trials, including a horrifying encounter with Lord Voldemort.

<h3>Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003)</h3>

<img alt="JK Rowling order" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling order.jpg" style="height:377px; width:320px" />

[Source: Amazon]

The wizarding world is in disorder in &quot;Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix,&quot; as the Ministry of Magic refuses to recognize&nbsp;Voldemort&#39;s reappearance. Harry and his friends organize &quot;Dumbledore&#39;s Army&quot; to resist the increasing threat. This book delves into&nbsp;subjects such as loss, leadership, and the power of unity.

<h3>Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)</h3>

<img alt="JK Rowling blood" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling blood.jpg" style="height:470px; width:320px" />

[Source: Amazon]

&quot;Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince&quot; uncovers crucial information about Voldemort&#39;s Horcruxes, items containing fragments of his soul, as Harry begins his sixth year at Hogwarts. Dumbledore and Harry set off on a mission to wipe out the Horcruxes and weaken the Dark Lord&#39;s hold on the world.

<h3>Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows &nbsp;(2007)</h3>

<img alt="JK Rowling hollows" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling hollows.jpg" style="height:459px; width:320px" />

[Source: Amazon]

&quot;Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,&quot; the series&#39; epic conclusion, sees Harry, Ron, and Hermione go on a perilous adventure to find and destroy the last Horcruxes. Readers witness the triumph of love, camaraderie, and bravery against darkness as the last fight between good and evil plays out.

<h2>The Phenomenal Success of the Harry Potter Series</h2>

<img alt="JK Rowling harry potter" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling harry potter.webp" style="height:249px; width:320px" />

[Source: Vanity Fair]

The Harry Potter books and movies have achieved phenomenal success, Throughout seven volumes. Rowling leads readers on a quest for understanding, companionship, and the ongoing struggle between good and evil. Fans waited in line at bookstores for midnight launches of each new book in the series.

Rowling&#39;s talent for developing a complex web of characters served as a shining example of her literary prowess. Each character, from the valiant Hermione Granger to the devoted Ron Weasley to the mysterious Severus Snape, was multi-dimensional, approachable, and made an impression on readers. She examined the concepts of love, sacrifice, discrimination, and the power of choice through these characters.

<h2>J.K. Rowling&#39;s Other Works Beyond Harry Potter</h2>

Even while the Harry Potter series is unquestionably her most well-known work, J.K. Rowling has dabbled in various literary genres, demonstrating her versatility as a writer. Some of her works are listed here:

The Casual Vacancy (2012): The delicacy of small-town politics and social dynamics are examined by Rowling in this mature book. Although it was outside the realm of fantasy, it displayed her skill as a storyteller.

The Cormoran Strike Series: Cormoran Strike, a private eye, appears in several of Rowling&#39;s crime novels written under the alias Robert Galbraith. The intriguing mysteries and well-developed characters in these tales, which include &quot;The Cuckoo&#39;s Calling,&quot; &quot;The Silkworm,&quot; and &quot;Career of Evil,&quot; have won praise.

Ickabog (2020): &quot;The Ickabog&quot; is a fairy tale containing themes of truth, justice, and the abuse of power that is geared toward a younger audience. As a present to kids and families during the COVID-19 outbreak, Rowling made this book available online for free.

Various Essays and Short Stories: In addition to novels, Rowling has also authored essays and short pieces, such as &quot;Tales of Beedle the Bard,&quot; which offers more details on the wizarding world.

<h3>Rowling&#39;s Other Adaptations</h3>

J.K. Rowling continues to write and experiment with many genres following the conclusion of the Harry Potter series. She wrote several detective novels with Cormoran Strike under the pen name Robert Galbraith. These books, beginning with &quot;The Cuckoo&#39;s Calling,&quot; demonstrated her range as a writer and won praise from critics. With books like &quot;The Casual Vacancy,&quot; which examines the dynamics of a small community and the secrets that lie beneath the surface, Rowling has also written for grownups.&nbsp;

Harry Potter&#39;s success as a series led to a successful movie adaptation, which helped readers and viewers fall even more in love with the series&#39; characters and locations. The eight-film series, which included a stellar cast and breathtaking special effects, faithfully recreated Rowling&#39;s fantasy setting. The Harry Potter series has been transformed into a variety of different media like Films, cartoons, etc. As a result, other media include stage plays, theme parks, and video games.

<h2>Rowling&#39;s Controversies and Challenges in Her Life</h2>

<img alt="JK Rowling quotes" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/JK Rowling quates.webp" style="height:291px; width:600px" />

[Source: WallpaperCave]

It is impossible to talk about J.K. Rowling without mentioning the recent issues that have surrounded her. Intense debates and criticism have resulted from her remarks on gender identity and transgender problems. Rowling&#39;s reputation was badly impacted by these difficulties. It is important to acknowledge that her work has had a significant impact on both literature and readers&#39; lives.&nbsp;J.K. Rowling&#39;s writing is outstanding for its ability to subvert prejudices and advance inclusivity. Hermione Granger, whose race wasn&#39;t expressly stated in the books, and Albus Dumbledore, who was discovered to be gay, were among the characters she presented. These decisions spurred vital conversations about diversity and representation in literature and popular culture.

In conclusion, the rise of J.K. Rowling from a struggling author to a worldwide literary sensation is proof of the potency of narrative. We must be aware of the complexity of her public appearance and the debates surrounding her as we examine her great writings, beyond the confines of her works.&nbsp; 

How was your experience reading through this article? Your opinions and participation are extremely valuable to us. So, kindly share your views in the comment section. For&nbsp;more such content&nbsp;to read and get any kind of educational information then kindly visit&nbsp;<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/">KD&nbsp;Live</a>.

JK&nbsp;Rowling&#39;s&nbsp;Magical Rise to Literary Icon: Her Amazing Journey

J K&nbsp;Rowling&#39;s&nbsp;Magical Rise to Literary Icon: Her Amazing Journey

JK Rowling: A Magical Journey Through Her Famous Writings

J.K. Rowling: A Magical Journey Through Her Famous Writings

Many competitive examinations include questions about Parliament. These are a little difficult to answer, but they are also more rewarding. To answer these questions, you must be up to date on the latest news. You can begin as soon as you become aware of it.

You&#39;ll be able to answer these General Awareness questions with ease with a little practice. So here are ten practice questions for Parliament for you to try. Answering each of these questions should take not more than a minute.

 

<h2>Questions on Parliament</h2>

You can also download the questions and answers pdf. Just click on the Download PDF button. So let&#39;s start with the first question.

Q:1 Who is the author of the book &#39;A Constructive Parliamentarian&#39;?

1. Arun Jaitley

2. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

3. Yashwant Sinha

4. Shashi Tharoor

(Difficulty: 1, Estimated Time: 10 Seconds) Let&#39;s start off with an easy question.

Q:2 The sitting of the Parliament is called by____________?

1. Vice President

2. President

3. Lok Sabha speaker

4. Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Read the question carefully before answering.

Q:3 Which article mentions the joint sitting of both houses of the parliament?

1. 198

2. 273

3. 98

4. 108

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This one&#39;s a bit tough.

Q:4 National People&#39;s Congress is the name of the parliament of _____________.

1. India

2. Iran

3. China

4. Indonesia

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) You can do this one. Think a little. 

Q:5 Under which of the following article of the Constitution of India the Parliament has been given the power to make laws regarding citizenship?

1. Article 5

2. Article 7

3. Article 9

4. Article 11

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) This ia bit tricky. Did you get it right?

Q:6 Who was the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament?

1. Gopala Krishna Gokhale

2. Bipin Chandra Pal

3. Dadabhai Naoroji

4. Lala Lajpat Rai

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Do you know this?

Q:7 In which of the following year was the first-ever motion to remove a Supreme Court Justice signed, by 108 members of the Parliament?

1. 1984

2. 1991

3. 1978

4. 1996

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) Read the options thoroughly.

Q:8 Which article vests the residuary powers in the parliament?

1. Article 248

2. Article 242

3. Article 282

4. Article 284

(Difficulty: 3, Estimated Time: 20 Seconds) Do you know about residuary powers?

Q:9 When was National Food Security Act passed in Parliament?

1. 2014

2. 2013

3. 2015

4. 2012

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) You must have heard of it.

Q:10 The feature-&#39;Parliamentary Government&#39; in Indian Constitution has been taken from which among the following countries?

1. UK

2. Japan

3. Ireland

4. South Africa

(Difficulty: 2, Estimated Time: 15 Seconds) This isn&#39;t difficult. Hurry up!

<img alt="Parliament" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Parliament.webp" style="height:200px; width:400px" />

[Image Souce: X] 
 

<h2>Answer Key</h2>

Let&#39;s have a look at your score.

<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1. (2)</td>
			<td>2. (2)</td>
			<td>3. (4)</td>
			<td>4. (3)</td>
			<td>5. (4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6. (3)</td>
			<td>7. (2)</td>
			<td>8. (1)</td>
			<td>9. (2)</td>
			<td>10. (1)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Comment below your score, considering each question has 1 mark only. If you scored 8 to 10, congratulations! You are one step closer to selection. If you have scored 5 to 8 marks, then you are doing well, keep it up. If you have scored less than 5 marks then you need to work a little harder on this subject. But don&#39;t worry, we are here to help you master the subject.

Let&#39;s check the answers and solutions and try to find out what went wrong.

 

<h2>Answers and Solutions</h2>

Q:1 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee has dedicated over sixty years of his life to the service of the country.

He served the country as a member of Parliament for five decades and as Prime Minister of India for six years.

Vajpayee authored several works of both prose and poetry.

A Constructive Parliamentarian is authored by him where he talked about his journey as a parliamentarian. 

 

Q:2 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. President

The President of India under Article 108, calls the joint sitting of the Parliament and is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. However, in his absence, the Deputy speaker of the Lok Sabja or the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is given the role to preside over the joint sitting.

 

Q:3 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Article 108

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Article 108</td>
			<td>Article 108 of the Indian Constitution provides for a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accordingly, a joint session can be summoned when:</td>
			<td>
			If after a bill is passed by one House and transmitted to the other House – 

			<ol>
				<li>The other House rejects this bill, or</li>
				<li>The Houses do not agree on the amendments made to the bill, or</li>
				<li>More than six months elapse with the bill being received by the other House without it being passed.</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td> </td>
			<td>Then, the President can summon a joint sitting unless the bill had elapsed because of the Lok Sabha’s dissolution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> </td>
			<td>Those days are not taken into account when the House is prorogued or adjourned for over 4 consecutive days.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>There are two exceptions when a joint sitting cannot be summoned. They are for the following bills:</td>
			<td>Constitution Amendment Bill: According to Article 368, the Constitution can be amended only by a 2/3rd majority in both Houses. There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of a disagreement between both Houses.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> </td>
			<td>
			Money Bill (Article 110): As per the Constitution, money bills require the Lok Sabha’s approval only. 

			<ol>
				<li>Even of the Rajya Sabha does not pass the money bill within 14 days, the bill is considered passed by both Houses after the period of 14 days is over.</li>
				<li>The Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to the Bill which the Lok Sabha is not required to accept.</li>
				<li>Thus, in the case of a money bill, the necessity of a joint sitting does not arise.</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

 

Q:4 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. China

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>China</td>
			<td>
			<ul>
				<li>National People&#39;s Congress is the name of the Chinese parliament.</li>
				<li>The current constitution of the Republic of China came into effect on 25 December 1947.</li>
				<li>The first legislative session convened in Nanking on 18 May 1948 with 760 members.</li>
				<li>The main duty of the National Assembly was to elect the President and Vice President for terms of six years.</li>
			</ul>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>India</td>
			<td>
			<ul>
				<li>Sansad is the name of the Indian parliament.</li>
			</ul>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iran</td>
			<td>
			<ul>
				<li>The name of Irani parliament is Majlis</li>
			</ul>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indonesia</td>
			<td>
			<ul>
				<li>The name of the Indonesian parliament is People&#39;s Consultative Assembly</li>
			</ul>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

 

Q:5 The correct answer is Option 4 i.e. Article 11

The constitution of India deals with citizenship from articles 5-11.

Under Article 11, parliament shall have the power to make any provision with respect to citizenship.

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Articles</td>
			<td>Related to</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Article 5</td>
			<td>Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Article 7</td>
			<td>Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Article 9</td>
			<td>A person who voluntarily acquires citizenship of any other country is no longer an Indian citizen.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

 

Q:6 The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Dadabhai Naoroji

Dadabhai Naroji was the first Anglo Indian to be elected to the British Parliament.

He was also known as Grand Old Man of India.

He introduced, drain of wealth theory.

 

Q:7 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. 1991

Removal of Supreme court judge:

As per Article 124(4), The Constitution of India provides a set of regulations for the removal of the Supreme Court judge.

In 1991, a removal notice was brought in by 108 Lok Sabha MPs of the National Front against justice V. Ramaswami for allegations of wrongdoing pertaining to his tenure as chief justice of the Punjab and Haryana high court. 

 

Q:8 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. Article 248

Matters that are of common interest to the States and the Union were placed in the Concurrent List, in order to ensure uniformity in legislation with due regard to the country’s diversity.

Parliament and the State legislatures have exclusive powers to legislate on items in the Union List and the State List respectively.

Both can legislate on items in the Concurrent List.

However, foreseeing the possibility of a situation in which legislation might be required on matters that are not mentioned in any of the three Lists, the Founding Fathers made residuary provisions in Article 248 of the Constitution and Entry 97 of the Union List. The residuary powers of legislation are vested in Parliament.

Article 248 (2) of the Constitution of India says that the Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in List II and III. Such power shall include the power of making any law imposing a tax not mentioned in either of those lists.

 

Q:9 The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. 2013

FCI ensures that there is no disruption in supply of essential goods to citizens.

To meet requirements of National Food Security Act, FCI is providing wheat and rice directly without use of sea - routes.

 

Q:10 The correct answer is Option 1 i.e. UK

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:300px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Country
			</td>
			<td>
			Features
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			UK
			</td>
			<td>
			<ul>
				<li>Parliamentary government</li>
				<li>Rule of Law</li>
				<li>Legislative procedure</li>
				<li>Single Citizenship</li>
			</ul>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Japan
			</td>
			<td>
			Procedure Established by law
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Ireland
			</td>
			<td>
			<ul>
				<li>Directive Principles of State Policy</li>
				<li>The nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha</li>
				<li>Method of Election of the president</li>
			</ul>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			South Africa
			</td>
			<td>
			<ul>
				<li>Procedure for amendment in the Indian Constitution</li>
				<li>Election of members of Rajya Sabha</li>
			</ul>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

 

So that&#39;s it for today. General Awareness issues are usually important. We&#39;ll go over another topic of General Awareness later. Until then, you can practice the questions by downloading the Parliament PDF.

Practice questions on the topic of General Awareness&nbsp;in exams - Parliament!

Parliament Questions PDF with detailed solutions

Hello guys, today in geography section we will be studying about rocks, volcanoes and their types. So, let&#39;s discuss about it.

<h2>Rocks</h2>

Geology is the study of rocks and Geologists are the people who study them. Rocks are said to be a solid mineral material. It is a large piece of rock that has become detached from a cliff or mountain. It forms part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets. Each rock has varying minerals which is why there are so many different ones. Some of the most well-known minerals are calcite, quartz, olivine and mica. Minerals are made naturally in the Earth and are made from chemicals. There are majorly three types of rocks:

<h2>Igneous rocks</h2>

Igneous rocks form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface. Igneous rocks are divided into two groups depending upon where the molten rock solidifies:

Intrusive igneous rocks: They are also called plutonic rocks. This type of igneous rock is formed when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth. When the huge globs of molten rock rise toward the surface, some of the magma comes on the Earth’s surface, but most remain trapped below, where it cools very slowly until it solidifies. Slow cooling means the individual mineral grains grow to a relatively large size. Intrusive rocks have a coarse-grained texture. For example - diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and peridotite.

Extrusive igneous rocks: They are also called volcanic rocks. They are produced when magma exits and cools above (or very near) the Earth’s surface. They form active volcanoes and oozing fissures. The magma, called lava, is produced but solidifies when it experiences a relatively cool atmosphere. Quick cooling means that these rocks have a very fine-grained or even glassy texture. For example - small crystals.

<h2>Sedimentary rocks</h2>

Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. The most important geological processes that lead to the creation of sedimentary rocks are erosion, weathering, dissolution, precipitation, and lithification. Such rocks are characterized by the presence of distinct sediments or layers in them. Some examples of sedimentary rocks are limestone, shale, conglomerate, clays, quartz and dolomite are the common dominant minerals. They can be divided into 3 categories:

Common sedimentary rocks - include sandstone, limestone, and shale. These rocks often start as sediments carried in rivers and deposited in lakes and oceans.

Clastic sedimentary rocks - are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks. Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering and then transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped. Clastic sedimentary rocks may have particles ranging in size from microscopic clay to huge boulders.

Biological sedimentary rocks - They are formed from the dead & decaying matter of living organisms. Chert is an example of this type of rock. Limestone is formed from this.

<h2>Metamorphic rocks</h2>

These are formed when igneous & sedimentary rocks are subjected to intense heat and pressure and are influenced chemically by active gases. Important metamorphic rocks which take part in the weathering process are formed from shale’ marble (formed from limestone), schist (formed from shale) and quartzite (from sandstone). Dominant minerals are quartz, clays and calcite. The parent rock can be either sedimentary, igneous, or even another metamorphic rock. The word “metamorphic” comes from Greek and means “To Change Form”.

<h2>Volcanoes</h2>

A volcano is defined as a vent or fissure in the planet’s crust through which lava, ash, rock and gases erupt. A volcano is also a mountain formed by the accumulation of these eruptive products. Hawaii’s Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano on our planet. Rising gradually to more than 4 km (2.5 m) above sea level. Geologists generally group volcanoes into four main kinds:

1. Composite Volcanoes: They are also called stratovolcanoes. They are typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimensions built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs and may rise as much as 8,000 feet above their bases. For eg: Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mount Shasta in California, Mount Hood in Oregon etc.

2. Cinder cones: They are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. They are numerous in western North America.

3. Shield volcanoes: They are the third type of volcano, and are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They are built up slowly by the accretion of thousands of highly fluid lava flows called basalt lava. Kilauea and Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii— two of the world’s most active volcanoes.

4. Lava domes: They are formed by relatively small, bulbous masses of lava too viscous to flow to great distance. They commonly occur within the craters or on the flanks of large composite volcanoes. For eg: Mont Pelée in Martinique, Lesser Antilles, and Lassen Peak and Mono domes in California. 

<h2>Important volcanoes of the world</h2>

<ul>
	<li>Mauna Loa, Hawaii: It is the biggest volcano on Earth. It is 9,170 meters tall. It is a shield volcano. Mauna Loa is a hot spot in the Pacific plate. </li>
	<li>Mount Fuji, Tokyo, Japan: It has a symmetric cone. It is an active volcano and is a stratovolcano. It is 3,776 meters tall. It is the tallest peak in Japan.</li>
	<li>Mayon Volcano, Albay, Philippines: It is an active stratovolcano. It has steep slopes that form a symmetrical classic volcano. It is 8,081 feet tall.</li>
	<li>Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA: It erupted in 1980 and was one of the most devastating eruptions in the USA. It is an active stratovolcano. It’s 8,366 feet tall.</li>
	<li>Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico: It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico. Popocatépetl means Smoking Mountain. It is an active stratovolcano and is 5,426 meters tall.</li>
</ul>

Hope you liked the blog and any doubts related to this topic are clear.

Learn the key concepts of Rocks and volcanoes

Study notes for Geography topic Rocks and volcanoes

सामान्य जागरूकता - भूगोल विषय चट्टानें और ज्वालामुखी के लिए अध्ययन नोट्स

The famous Russian novelist and philosopher Leo Tolstoy is still regarded as a towering presence in world literature. Leo Tolstoy's works have left an everlasting imprint on the literary landscape, his philosophical ideas continue to inspire generations of readers. In this blog post, we will look at Leo Tolstoy's life, works, and lasting legacy. 

<h2 id="content-id-1320-0">The Life of Leo Tolstoy</h2>

<img alt="Leo Tolstoy 1900" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo_Tolstoy_1900.webp" style="height:900px; width:600px">

[Source: ThoughtCo]

Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828, at the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana in Tula Province, Russia. Leo Tolstoy was born into a noble family and had a privileged upbringing. He studied law and languages at Kazan University, but his primary interest was literature.

However, Tolstoy's life took a fundamental turn when he embarked on a tour to Europe, where he discovered the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers and witnessed the wider world. This era of self-discovery and exposure to new ideas had a profound impact on his thinking and writing.

<h2 id="content-id-1320-1">Leo Tolstoy's Marriage, Family And Education</h2>

<img alt="Leo tolstoy military" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo_tolstoy_military.webp" style="height:806px; width:600px">

[Source: ThoughtCo]

Leo Tolstoy's personal life was defined by his marriage to Sofia Behrs, which lasted nearly four decades. Their marriage produced 13 children, but it was often stressed by Leo's spiritual and intellectual ambitions, as well as his troubles. Despite the challenges, Sofia played an important role in capturing and preserving Tolstoy's later writings, assuring his literary legacy.

Leo Tolstoy's schooling began at home, and he was later sent to Kazan University to study law. However, he discovered that his scholarly endeavors were unsatisfying and began to seek meaning and purpose in life. Tolstoy entered the Russian army and fought in the Crimean War in 1851. This encounter exposed him to the brutal realities of war, and it left an indelible imprint on him. His views during this period would subsequently find their way into his literary writings, most notably "War and Peace."

<img alt="Leo tolstoy wife" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo_tolstoy_wife.webp" style="height:790px; width:600px">

[Source: ThoughtCo]

<h2 id="content-id-1320-2">Leo Tolstoy's Literary Masterpieces</h2>

Tolstoy's literary career is defined by multiple classics, each presenting a distinct viewpoint on the human condition. Let's look at some of his most famous works:

War and Peace (1869)

<img alt="Leo tolstoy war and Peace" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo_tolstoy_war_and_Peace.webp" style="height:900px; width:600px">

[Source: Cloudfront]

<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2600">Click here</a> to get a free ebook of War and Peace.

Tolstoy's epic historical work "War and Peace" is widely regarded as one of the best novels ever written. The work weaves a complicated story that covers the lives of a diverse cast of characters from various social groups against the backdrop of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Tolstoy digs deeply into issues of love, war, fate, and the inexorable passage of time through his vivid characters and panoramic view of Russian society.

Anna Karenina (1877)

<img alt="Leo tolstoy Anna karenina" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo_tolstoy_Anna_karenina.jpg" style="height:921px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1399">Click here</a> to get a free ebook of Anna Karenina.

"Anna Karenina" is another towering success in Tolstoy's literary career. This work depicts the tragic story of Anna Karenina, a married woman who embarks on a passionate romance with Count Alexei Vronsky, which finally leads to her demise. Tolstoy examines the difficulties of love, cultural expectations, and the implications of moral choices.

Resurrection (1899)

<img alt="Leo tolstoy Resurrection" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo_tolstoy_Resurrection.webp" style="height:923px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

In "Resurrection," Tolstoy addresses issues of social justice, redemption, and spiritual enlightenment. The plot revolves around Prince Dmitri. He is confronted with the consequences of his past acts when he meets a woman he harmed. This novel is a scathing critique of Tolstoy's time's legal and prison systems, as well as a plea for personal transformation and social reform.

The Kreutzer Sonata (1889)

<img alt="Leo tolstoy Kreutzer sonata" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo_tolstoy_Kreutzer_sonata.webp" style="height:800px; width:600px">

[Source: kobo]

"The Kreutzer Sonata" is a novel about the destructive power of jealousy and the complexity of marital relationships. The plot focuses on a man who becomes overcome by jealousy and does a horrific act. His inner exploration of human emotions and the repercussions of irrationality makes this book both controversial and thought-provoking.

<h2 id="content-id-1320-3">List of books and works written by Leo Tolstoy</h2>

Leo Tolstoy is a well-known Russian author, best known for his novels and essays. Here is a selection of his most notable works:

<ol>
	<li>
	War and Peace (1869) 
	</li>
	<li>
	Anna Karenina (1877) 
	</li>
	<li>
	Resurrection (1899) 
	</li>
	<li>
	The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) 
	</li>
	<li>
	Childhood (1852) 
	</li>
	<li>
	Boyhood (1854) 
	</li>
	<li>
	Youth (1857) 
	</li>
	<li>
	Family Happiness (1859) 
	</li>
	<li>
	The Cossacks (1863) 
	</li>
	<li>
	Hadji Murat (published posthumously in 1912) 
	</li>
	<li>
	What Is Art? (1897) 
	</li>
	<li>
	A Confession (1882)
	</li>
	<li>
	The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894) 
	</li>
	<li>
	My Religion (1885) 
	</li>
	<li>
	The Kreutzer Sonata (1889) 
	</li>
	<li>
	Master and Man (1895)
	</li>
	<li>
	The Devil (1889) 
	</li>
</ol>

These are a few of Leo Tolstoy's most well-known works, but he also published numerous articles, short stories, and letters during his prolific career. His writings frequently delved into complicated issues like morality, spirituality, and the human condition, leaving an indelible mark on literature and philosophy.

<h2 id="content-id-1320-4">Leo Tolstoy's Philosophical Evolution</h2>

<img alt="Leo Tolstoy grandchildren 1900" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo_Tolstoy_grandchildren_1900.webp" style="height:483px; width:600px">

[Source: ThoughtCo]

Tolstoy went on a spiritual journey that led him to embrace Christian anarchism and nonviolence. His essays, notably those gathered in "A Confession" and "What Is Art?". Dig into his changing perspectives on life's meaning, morality, and the function of art in society.

Tolstoy's rejection of organized religion and favor of a simple, rural way of life made him a divisive figure in his day. He pushed for nonviolence, the end of private property, and a communal way of life. His worldview impacted personalities such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., who found inspiration in his nonviolent resistance works.

<h2 id="content-id-1320-5">Leo Tolstoy's Writings on Religion and Morality</h2>

Tolstoy's philosophical investigations were expressed in his essays and treatises. "The Kingdom of God Is Within You" and "What Is Art?" were two of his writings that investigated subjects ranging from the essence of faith to the function of art in society. Tolstoy advocated vehemently for non-resistance to evil in "The Kingdom of God Is Within You," a theme deeply founded in his religious views.

<h2 id="content-id-1320-6">Leo Tolstoy's Legacy and Influence</h2>

Leo Tolstoy's influence stretches well beyond the field of literature. His beliefs in nonviolence and passive resistance influenced figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, who credited Tolstoy with molding his ideology of peaceful resistance. Tolstoy's support for social justice and criticism of the Russian Orthodox Church prepared the ground for talks about human conscience and religious freedom.

In conclusion, Leo Tolstoy's life and work highlight literature's ability to probe the depths of human existence and the complexities of morality. Tolstoy's trip represents the progression of his views and values, from his early years as a pampered nobleman to his later metamorphosis into a moral philosopher.

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The famous Russian novelist and philosopher Leo Tolstoy is still regarded as a towering presence in world literature. His works have left an everlasting imprint on the literary landscape, his philosophical ideas continue to inspire generations of readers. In this blog post, we will look at Leo Tolstoy&#39;s life, works, and lasting legacy.&nbsp;

<h2>The Life of Leo Tolstoy</h2>

<img alt="Leo Tolstoy 1900" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo Tolstoy 1900.webp" style="height:900px; width:600px" />

[Source ThoughtCo]

Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828, at the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana in Tula Province, Russia. He was born into a noble family and had a privileged upbringing. He studied law and languages at Kazan University, but his primary interest was literature.

However, Tolstoy&#39;s life took a fundamental turn when he embarked on a tour to Europe, where he discovered the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers and witnessed the wider world. This era of self-discovery and exposure to new ideas had a profound impact on his thinking and writing.

<h2>Tolstoy&#39;s Marriage, Family And&nbsp;Education</h2>

<img alt="Leo tolstoy military" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo tolstoy military.webp" style="height:806px; width:600px" />

[Source ThoughtCo]

Tolstoy&#39;s personal life was defined by his marriage to Sofia Behrs, which lasted nearly four decades. Their marriage produced 13 children, but it was often stressed by Leo&#39;s spiritual and intellectual ambitions, as well as his troubles. Despite the challenges, Sofia played an important role in capturing and preserving Tolstoy&#39;s later writings, assuring his literary legacy.

Tolstoy&#39;s schooling began at home, and he was later sent to Kazan University to study law. However, he discovered that his scholarly endeavors were unsatisfying and began to seek meaning and purpose in life.&nbsp;Tolstoy entered the Russian army and fought in the Crimean War in 1851. This encounter exposed him to the brutal realities of war, and it left an indelible imprint on him. His views during this period would subsequently find their way into his literary writings, most notably &quot;War and Peace.&quot;

<img alt="Leo tolstoy wife" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo tolstoy wife.webp" style="height:790px; width:600px" />

[Source ThoughtCo]

<h2>Tolstoy&#39;s Literary Masterpieces</h2>

Tolstoy&#39;s literary career is defined by multiple classics, each presenting a distinct viewpoint on the human condition. Let&#39;s look at some of his most famous works:

<h3>War and Peace (1869)</h3>

<img alt="Leo tolstoy war and Peace" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo tolstoy war and Peace.webp" style="height:900px; width:600px" />

[Source: Cloudfront]

Tolstoy&#39;s epic historical work &quot;War and Peace&quot; is widely regarded as one of the best novels ever written. The work weaves a complicated story that covers the lives of a diverse cast of characters from various social groups against the backdrop of Napoleon&#39;s invasion of Russia. Tolstoy digs deeply into&nbsp;issues of love, war, fate, and the inexorable passage of time through his vivid characters and panoramic view of Russian society.

<h3>Anna Karenina (1877)</h3>

<img alt="Leo tolstoy Anna karenina" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo tolstoy Anna karenina.webp" style="height:921px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

&quot;Anna Karenina&quot; is another towering success in Tolstoy&#39;s literary career. This work depicts the tragic story of Anna Karenina, a married woman who embarks on a passionate romance with Count Alexei Vronsky, which finally leads to her demise. Tolstoy examines the difficulties of love, cultural expectations, and the implications of moral choices.

<h3>Resurrection (1899)</h3>

<img alt="Leo tolstoy Resurrection" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo tolstoy Resurrection.webp" style="height:923px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

In &quot;Resurrection,&quot; Tolstoy addresses issues of social justice, redemption, and spiritual enlightenment. The plot revolves around Prince Dmitri. He is confronted with the consequences of his past acts when he meets a woman he harmed. This novel is a scathing critique of Tolstoy&#39;s time&#39;s legal and prison systems, as well as a plea for personal transformation and social reform.

<h3>The Kreutzer Sonata (1889)</h3>

<img alt="Leo tolstoy Kreutzer sonata" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo tolstoy Kreutzer sonata.webp" style="height:800px; width:600px" />

[Source: Kobo]

&quot;The Kreutzer Sonata&quot; is a novel about the destructive power of jealousy and the complexity of marital relationships. The plot focuses on a man who becomes overcome by jealousy and does a horrific act. His inner&nbsp;exploration of human emotions and the repercussions of irrationality makes this book both controversial and thought-provoking.

<h2>Tolstoy&#39;s Philosophical Evolution</h2>

<img alt="Leo Tolstoy grandchildren 1900" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Leo Tolstoy grandchildren 1900.webp" style="height:483px; width:600px" />

[Source ThoughtCo]

Tolstoy went on a spiritual journey that led him to embrace Christian anarchism and nonviolence. His essays, notably those gathered in &quot;A Confession&quot; and &quot;What Is Art?&quot;. Dig into his changing perspectives on life&#39;s meaning, morality, and the function of art in society.

Tolstoy&#39;s rejection of organized religion and favor of a simple, rural way of life made him a divisive figure in his day. He pushed for nonviolence, the end of private property, and a communal way of life. His worldview impacted personalities such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., who found inspiration in his nonviolent resistance works.

<h3>Writings on Religion and Morality</h3>

Tolstoy&#39;s philosophical investigations were expressed in his essays and treatises. &quot;The Kingdom of God Is Within You&quot; and &quot;What Is Art?&quot; were two of his writings that investigated subjects ranging from the essence of faith to the function of art in society. Tolstoy advocated vehemently for non-resistance to evil in &quot;The Kingdom of God Is Within You,&quot; a theme deeply founded in his religious views.

<h2>Legacy and Influence</h2>

Leo Tolstoy&#39;s influence stretches well beyond the field of literature. His beliefs in nonviolence and passive resistance influenced figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, who credited Tolstoy with molding his ideology of peaceful resistance. Tolstoy&#39;s support for social justice and criticism of the Russian Orthodox Church prepared the ground for talks about human conscience and religious freedom.

In conclusion, Leo Tolstoy&#39;s life and work highlight literature&#39;s ability to probe the depths of human existence and the complexities of morality. Tolstoy&#39;s trip represents the progression of his views and values, from his early years as a pampered nobleman to his later metamorphosis into a moral philosopher.

How was your experience reading through this article your opinions and participation are extremely valuable to us. So, kindly share your views in the comment section. For&nbsp;more such content&nbsp;to read and get any kind of educational information then kindly visit&nbsp;<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/">KD&nbsp;Live</a>.

Exploring Leo Tolstoy&#39;s Life and Literary Legacy

Leo Tolstoy: Exploring the Depths of Humanity through Words

Today, we will talk about Fundamental rights, fundamental duties and Directive Principles of State policy(DPSPs). Let&#39;s study then.

Firstly, fundamental rights are guaranteed to all persons without discrimination. They uphold the equality of all individuals, the dignity of individuals, the larger public interest and unity of nation. It is one of the most important topics, questions from which are asked every year or the other. Originally, the constitution provided for sever Fundamental rights, viz.

<ol>
	<li>Right to equality (Articles 14 – 18) </li>
	<li>Right to freedom (Articles 19 – 22) </li>
	<li>Right Against Exploitation (Articles 20 – 24) </li>
	<li>Right to freedom of Religion (Articles 25 – 28) </li>
	<li>Cultural and Educational rights (Articles 29 – 30) </li>
	<li>Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)</li>
</ol>

However, the right to property was deleted from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978. It is made a legal right under Article 300-A in Part XII of the Constitution. The following table lists out the fundamental rights comprehensively:

<table cellspacing="0" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none; margin-left:29px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Category
			</td>
			<td>
			Consists of
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Right to Equality (Articles 14– 18)
			</td>
			<td rowspan="4">
			<ol>
				<li>Equality before law and equal protection of law (Article 14)</li>
				<li>Prohibition on discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15)</li>
				<li>Equality of Opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16)</li>
				<li>Abolition of Untouchability and prohibition of its practice (Article 17)</li>
				<li>Abolition of titles except military and academic (Article 18)</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			 
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			 
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			 
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Right to Freedom (Articles(19 – 22)
			</td>
			<td rowspan="4">
			<ol>
				<li>Protection of six rights regarding freedom of: (Article 19)
				<ul>
					<li>Speech and expression</li>
					<li>Assembly</li>
					<li>Association</li>
					<li>Movement</li>
					<li>Residence</li>
					<li>Profession</li>
				</ul>
				</li>
				<li>Protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20)</li>
				<li>Protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21)</li>
				<li>Right to elementary education (Article 21A)</li>
				<li>Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases (Article 22)</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			 
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			 
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			 
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Right against exploitation (Articles 23 - 24)
			</td>
			<td>
			a) Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour (Article 23)

			b) Prohibition of employment of children in factories (Article 24)
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Right to freedom of Religion (Articles 25 – 28)
			</td>
			<td>
			a) Freedom of conscience, free profession, practice and propagation of religion (Article 25)

			b) Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26)

			c) Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any religion (Article 27)

			d) Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions (Article 28)
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29,30)
			</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li>Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article 29)</li>
				<li>Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30)</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Right to Constitutional
			</td>
			<td>
			a) Right to move Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights including writs
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Further, certain fundamental rights are available to all people irrespective of their citizenship and there are certain others available only to citizens of India. Fundamental Rights available just to the citizens of India are: Articles 15, 16, 19, 29 and 30. Provisions for reservation in educational institutions for EWS and OBC categories are present in Article 15 whereas provisions for reservation in public employment in Article 16.

<h2>Fundamental duties</h2>

The Government is planning to assign its different Ministries with the task of spreading awareness about Fundamental duties among people. The idea of Fundamental Duties is inspired from the Constitution of Russia. These were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. As per the first amendment done in 1976 they were 10 in number, one more duty was added through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002. All the eleven duties are listed in Article 51-A of the Constitution (the sole Article in Part-IV-A).

The fundamental duties serve as a reminder to citizens that while enjoying their rights, they have also to be quite conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow-citizens. However, like the Directive Principles, the duties are also non-justiciable in nature.

The following is the list of fundamental duties:

<ol>
	<li>To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;</li>
	<li>To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom;</li>
	<li>To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;</li>
	<li>To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;</li>
	<li>To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;</li>
	<li>To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture;</li>
	<li>To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures; To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; </li>
	<li>To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;</li>
	<li>To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; and</li>
	<li>To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years (added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002).</li>
</ol>

<h2>Directive Principles of State Policy</h2>

DPSPs consists of all the ideals which the State should follow and keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws for the country. It is derived from the Irish Constitution and articles 36 – 51 contain the provisions related to Directive Principles of State Policy. They too are non-justiciable like fundamental duties. The Directive Principles are classified on the basis of their ideological source and objectives. These are Directive Principles based on Socialistic Principles:

Article 38: The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order by ensuring social, economic and political justice and by minimising inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities

Articles 39: The State shall in particular, direct its policies towards securing:

<ol>
	<li>Right to an adequate means of livelihood to all the citizens.</li>
	<li>The ownership and control of material resources shall be organised in a manner to serve the common good.</li>
	<li>The State shall avoid concentration of wealth in a few hands.</li>
	<li>Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.</li>
	<li>The protection of the strength and health of the workers.</li>
	<li>Childhood and youth shall not be exploited.</li>
</ol>

Article 41: To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disability.

Article 42: The State shall make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

Article 43: The State shall endeavour to secure to all workers a living wage and a decent standard of life. Article 43A: The State shall take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries.

Article 47: To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health.

Directives based on Gandhian Principles:

Article 40: The State shall take steps to organise village panchayats as units of Self Government

Article 43: The State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas.

Article 43B: To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies.

Article 46: The State shall promote educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people particularly that of the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and other weaker sections.

Article 47: The State shall take steps to improve public health and prohibit consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious to health.

Article 48: To prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle and to improve their breeds.

Directives based on Liberal-Intellectual Principles: 

Article 44: The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizen a Uniform Civil Code through the territory of India.

Article 45: To provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.

Article 48: To organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines.

Article 48A: To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

Article 49: The State shall protect every monument or place of artistic or historic interest.

Article 50: The State shall take steps to separate judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

Article 51: It declares that to establish international peace and security the State shall endeavour to: a) Maintain just and honourable relations with the nations b) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration. 

Hope after going through this blog you learned well. Stay in touch for more such informative blogs.

Learn the key concepts of&nbsp;Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and DPSP

Study notes for Polity topic Fundamental Rights and Duties, DPSPs

सामान्य जागरूकता - राजव्यवस्था विषय मौलिक अधिकार और कर्तव्य, डीपीएसपी के लिए अध्ययन नोट्स

Marketing Content Writer

Gearing up for the SBI Clerk Exam in 2023? Understanding the SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023 is your crucial first step. The State Bank of India (SBI) is renowned as one of India's largest and most prestigious banks, and its Clerk examination is a competitive gateway to a banking career. To navigate this competitive landscape, you must familiarize yourself with the SBI Clerk exam pattern 2023. So, let's explore the 2023 SBI Clerk Exam Pattern together and ensure you're well-prepared for this esteemed banking examination.

<h2 id="content-id-1342-0">SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023 Overview</h2>

Prior to anything else, it is imperative that you understand how the exam is structured. Familiarity with the exam pattern greatly aids in your exam preparation. Furthermore, you can practice questions aligned with the exam pattern in order to identify important topics. However, before delving directly into the exam pattern, why don't we provide you with a chronological overview of all the stages of the SBI Clerk examination?

<img alt="SBI Clerk exam Pattern 2023" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/SBI_Clerk_Exam_Pattern_2023.svg" style="height:300px; width:600px">

[Source: KD Live]

The SBI Clerk 2023 examination consists of:

<ul>
	<li>Preliminary Examination </li>
	<li>Mains Examination </li>
	<li>Test of specified opted local language </li>
</ul>

Now that we've discussed the SBI Clerk exam sequence, how about we furnish you with a detailed SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023 for all the stages?

<h2 id="content-id-1342-1">SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023 - Preliminary Examination</h2>

To start, it's important to grasp the SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023 for the Preliminary exam.

<ul>
	<li>It is a Computer Based Exam.</li>
	<li>A time limit of 60 minutes i.e. 1 hour will be given to you for this exam.</li>
	<li>This will have 3 sections and each section will have to be completed in a time frame of 20 Minutes. </li>
	<li>Each question will be worth one mark.</li>
	<li>Negative marking of 1/4th of the assigned marks will be done for every wrong answer.</li>
	<li>A total of 100 questions for 100 marks have to be answered by you.</li>
</ul>

Further, the Preliminary exam consists of three subjects:

<ol>
	<li>English Language </li>
	<li>Numerical Ability</li>
	<li>Reasoning Ability</li>
</ol>

<img alt="SBI Clerk Exam pattern 2023 prelims" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/SBI_Clerk_Exam_Pattern_2023_Prelims.svg" style="height:144px; width:500px">

[Source: sbi.co.in]

This breakdown covers the essential elements of the SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023, which you should consider while preparing for the examination.

<h2 id="content-id-1342-2">SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023 - Mains Examination</h2>

Similarly, talking about the SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023 for the Mains exam. 

<ul>
	<li>It is a Computer Based Exam. </li>
	<li>There will be 190 questions in the objective test, and separate time is allotted for each sentence.</li>
	<li>In total, the main examination will be for 200 marks in total.</li>
	<li>A time limit of 2 hours + 40 minutes will be given to each candidate for this exam.</li>
	<li>Negative marking of 1/4th of the assigned marks will be done for every wrong answer.</li>
</ul>

Moreover, the Mains exam consists of 4 subjects.

<ol>
	<li>General/ Financial Awareness</li>
	<li>General English</li>
	<li>Quantitative Aptitude</li>
	<li>Reasoning Ability and Computer Aptitude</li>
</ol>

<img alt="SBI Clerk exam Pattern 2023 mains " src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/SBI_Clerk_Exam_Pattern_2023_Mains.svg" style="height:203px; width:500px">

[Source: sbi.co.in]

Once you've successfully cleared Prelims and Mains you will advance to phase 3 which will include the Test of the specified opted local language. Here, the authorities will assess your suitability for the post of Clerk (Junior Assistant) in SBI.

<h2 id="content-id-1342-3">SBI Clerk 2023 - Local Language Test</h2>

Language tests will not be administered to candidates who qualify for selection and show proof of studying the specified opted local language in their 10th or 12th grade mark sheets. In the case of others (qualified for selection), a specified opted local language test will be conducted after provisional selection but before joining. Candidates not found proficient in the specified opted local language would be disqualified. 

<h2 id="content-id-1342-4">SBI Clerk Notification 2023 - Overview</h2>

On 16 November 2023, the State Bank of India released the <a href="https://sbi.co.in/documents/77530/36548767/161123-JA+2023-Detailed+Advt.pdf/926d28be-7df8-36f3-7113-344404668498?t=1700129762521">SBI Clerk Notification 2023</a> on its <a href="https://sbi.co.in">official website</a>. This notification will pertain to the recruitment of Junior Associates (Customer Support and Sales) for various branches of the State Bank of India throughout India. The SBI Clerk exam is eagerly awaited each year, with numerous candidates submitting their SBI Clerk Application Form.

Additionally, cracking the SBI Clerk exam in 2023 will be challenging and will require your commitment. The exam comprises three phases, Prelims, Mains, and Test of specified opted local language as mentioned in the above segment. The ability to speak English fluently, as well as the ability to analyze and solve problems, are essential for excelling in an English-language program. You can read our blog by clicking the embedded link to get a better understanding of <a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/latest-notifications/sbi-clerk-notification-2023-recruitment-for-8773-govt-jobs">SBI Clerk Notification 2023</a>.

<h2 id="content-id-1342-5">SBI Clerk 2023 Syllabus</h2>

The SBI Clerk syllabus is comprehensive, covering crucial topics with maximum weightage, along with other relevant details. In the Prelims exam, there are 100 questions that candidates must complete within 60 minutes. On the other hand, the SBI Clerk Mains exam consists of 190 questions to be solved within 160 minutes. Key topics for the SBI Clerk exam include Reading Comprehension, Cloze Test, Simplification, Data Interpretation, Puzzles, Seating Arrangement, and Number Series.

The computer based examination will be conducted in three phases: Prelims, Mains, and test for opted local language. Further, the syllabus for the SBI Clerk Examination 2023 carries a different set of knowledge for each paper.

Preliminary exam consists of 3 subjects whereas Mains exam consists of 4 subjects. Further, each test being held will have a separate timing as mentioned in the official notification. Moreover, for a weightage wise detailed understanding of each phase, check out our <a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/syllabus/sbi-clerk-syllabus-2023-subject-wise-topics-weightage">SBI Clerk Syllabus 2023</a> blog. We will keep you updated with all the essential information regarding the same.

<h2 id="content-id-1342-6">SBI Clerk 2023 Marking Scheme</h2>

In accordance with the guidelines set by the examination authority, the SBI Clerk exam follows a specific marking scheme. As candidates progress through the test, their scores are determined in strict adherence to this marking scheme. To provide clarity, the key components of the marking scheme are detailed below:

<ul>
	<li>For each correct answer, candidates are awarded one mark.</li>
	<li>However, it's important to note that for every incorrect answer, a deduction of 1/4th of a mark is applied.</li>
</ul>

In the final assessment, the total marks are calculated by taking into account both correct and incorrect answers. This comprehensive marking scheme ensures fairness and accuracy in evaluating a candidate's performance.

<h2 id="content-id-1342-7">SBI Clerk 2023 Exam Dates</h2>

It is important to be aware of the exam dates. However, the SBI Clerk Notification 2023 has not yet been released, so stay tuned to our blog section as we will keep you updated about the examination as soon as the SBI Clerk Notification 2023 is released. But if we were to provide you with the information surfacing over the internet, and the anticipated dates. They will be as follows:

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:320px">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<div>Events</div>
			</td>
			<td>
			<div>Important Dates</div>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<div>Notification Release Date</div>
			</td>
			<td>
			<div>16 November 2023</div>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<div>Application Start Date</div>
			</td>
			<td>
			<div>17 November 2023</div>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<div>Application Close Date</div>
			</td>
			<td>
			<div>7 December 2023</div>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<div>SBI Clerk Prelims Date</div>
			</td>
			<td>
			<div>January 2024</div>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<div>SBI Clerk Mains Date</div>
			</td>
			<td>
			<div>To be notified</div>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Further, to know in detail about the exam dates, you can read our blog <a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/exam-dates/sbi-clerk-exam-date-2023-the-exam-is-in-january-2024">SBI Clerk Exam Dates 2023</a>.

A systematic and focused approach to preparation is required for the SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023. It is important to understand the pattern, marking scheme, and qualification criteria in order to succeed. We hope you have found this blog beneficial for structuring your study schedule and grasping the significance of comprehending the SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023. For additional information about this examination, please refer to our other linked blogs. Good luck!

SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023&nbsp;

SBI Clerk Exam Pattern 2023 - 100 Questions in 60 Minutes

In our present blog, we will study about Unemployment and Poverty. Let&#39;s start.

Employment is the number of people having a job. Unemployment is the number of people who don’t have a job but are looking for one.

<h2>Labour force</h2>

Labour force is the sum of employed(n) and unemployed (u). L = n + u 

Unemployment rate = unemployment/labour force

<h2>Types of Unemployment</h2>

1. Open Unemployment: A large section of the labor force does not get a job that may yield them a regular income. It happens when the labor force expands at a faster rate than the growth rate of the economy.

2. Disguised Unemployment: It is a situation in which more people are doing work than actually required. It is characterized by zero marginal productivity. For example, 5 people working on a farm which requires only 3.

3. Seasonal Unemployment: It occurs during certain seasons of the year. In some industries, production takes place only in some seasons. So people engaged in this remain unemployed during the off-season.

4. Cyclical Unemployment: It is caused by trade cycles at regular intervals. Generally, capitalist economies are subject to trade cycles.

5. Structural Unemployment: It arises due to changes in the economic structure of a country.

6. Underemployment: It arises when people employed contribute less than their capacity. For example, an engineer may work as a clerk.

7. Casual Unemployment: It arises when a person is employed on a day-to-day basis with or without contracts. It may happen due to the nature of work, shortage of input, fall in demand, etc.

8. Chronic Unemployment: It arises when unemployment continues to be a long-term feature of a country.

9. Frictional Unemployment: It arises due to improper adjustment between the supply of labor and demand for labor.

10. Technological Unemployment: It arises due to specific modifications in production techniques, which might not require a lot of manual labor.

<h2>Poverty</h2>

Poverty is the state of not having enough material possessions or income for a person’s basic needs. The word poverty comes from the old (Norman) French word poverté (Modern French: pauvreté), from Latin paupertâs from pauper (poor). According to the World Bank, “Poverty is a pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life”.

<h2>Type of Poverty</h2>

On the basis of social, economic, and political aspects, there are different ways to identify the type of Poverty:

1. Absolute poverty: It is also known as extreme poverty or abject poverty, it involves the scarcity of basic food, clean water, health, shelter, education, and information. Absolute Poverty is usually uncommon in developed countries.

2. Relative Poverty: It measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to others at the same time and place.

3. Situational Poverty: It is a temporary type of poverty based on the occurrence of an adverse event like an environmental disaster, job loss, and severe health problems.

4. Generational Poverty: It is handed over to individuals and families from one generation to another. This is more complicated as there is no escape because the people are trapped in its cause and unable to access the tools required to get out of it.

5. Rural Poverty: It occurs in rural areas with populations below 50,000. It is the area where there are fewer job opportunities, less access to services, less support for disabilities, and quality education opportunities.

6. Urban Poverty: It occurs in metropolitan areas with a population of over 50,000. These are some major challenges faced by the Urban Poor like limited access to health and education, inadequate housing and services, unhealthy environment, and so on.

This was all in this blog. Stay in touch for more.

Learn the key concepts of&nbsp;Unemployment and Poverty

Study notes for Economics topic Unemployment and Poverty

सामान्य जागरूकता - अर्थशास्त्र विषय बेरोजगारी और गरीबी के लिए अध्ययन नोट्स

Virginia Woolf, born on January 25, 1882, in London, is a testament to the transformational power of literature. In this blog article, we will look at her life and some of her most famous works, which continue to captivate readers throughout the decades.

<h2 id="content-id-1355-0">Virginia Woolf: A Glimpse into Her Life</h2>

<img alt="Virginia Woolf 1927" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia_Woolf_1927.webp" style="height:875px; width:600px">

[Source: Wikipedia]

Virginia Woolf was born into a wealthy Victorian family and raised in an environment rich in culture. But, Her childhood was full of tragedy, including the death of her mother when she was just 13 and also the murder of her half-sister Stella.

 Woolf's schooling was unusual for the time, as she was mostly self-taught and engaged in substantial reading from her father's library. Virginia Woolf rose to prominence as a member of the Bloomsbury Group, a group of intellectuals, writers, and artists who challenged conventional norms and experimented with new ideas.

<h2 id="content-id-1355-1">Virginia Woolf's Bloomsbury Group And Stream of Consciousness</h2>

<img alt="Virginia woolf bloomsbury" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia_woolf_bloomsbury.webp" style="height:596px; width:600px">

[Source: Wikipedia]

Virginia Woolf was a key figure in the Bloomsbury Group, an influential group of writers, artists, and thinkers. This collaboration exposed her to a vast spectrum of ideas and opinions. She met her future husband, Leonard Woolf. Therefore, He plays an important part in her life and career.

<img alt="Virginia woolf leonard woolf" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia_woolf_leonard_woolf.webp" style="height:351px; width:600px">

[Source: Literary Hub]

Virginia Woolf uses the stream-of-consciousness narrative method very cleverly. Meanwhile, this is one of the most notable literary accomplishments of her time. This approach allows viewers to dive into her characters' inner feelings in a way that has not previously been addressed. Firstly "To the Lighthouse" (1927) and secondly "Mrs. Dalloway" (1925) demonstrate her mastery of this narrative technique. As a result, it allows readers to have a deep and intimate understanding of her characters.

<h2 id="content-id-1355-2">Virginia Woolf's Modernist Movement And Contemporary Relevance</h2>

Her creative narrative techniques and investigation of the inner self. Certainly, defines her as a significant figure in the Modern literary movement as having a great impact on literature. Her unique approach to storytelling has influenced writers such as James Joyce, and William Faulkner.

Virginia Woolf's concerns about mental health, identity, and the human condition are applicable today. Her candid discussion of these topics continues to resonate with readers. As a result, It provides a lens through which to view current challenges.

<h2 id="content-id-1355-3">Virginia Woolf's Writing Style</h2>

Her writing is distinguished by her unusual narrative style. Firstly It is defined by a stream of consciousness and interior monologue. Secondly, She used these approaches to give readers an inside look at her characters' inner thoughts and emotions. This experimental narrative style allowed her to dive deeply into the complexity of human awareness.

In her writings, the sentences flowing smoothly from one concept to the next describe her prose as generally poetic. Her novels are elaborate data of human experiences, emotions, and feelings rather than simple plots. Her writing approach encourages readers to actively connect with the material. It immerses themselves in the minds of her characters and delves into the complexities of their inner lives.

<h2 id="content-id-1355-4">Exploring Virginia Woolf's Iconic Works</h2>

Mrs. Dalloway (1925)

<img alt="Virginia Woolf mrs dalloway" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia_Woolf_mrs_dalloway.webp" style="height:903px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

"Mrs. Dalloway" is one of Woolf's most renowned works, a novel that follows a single day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, a high-society woman in post-World War I London. She uses interior monologue to dive into the minds of her characters, revealing the innermost ideas and feelings. This story expertly mixes numerous views, offering a vivid portrayal of London.

To The Lighthouse (1927)

<img alt="Virginia Woolf to the light house 1927" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia_Woolf_to_the_light_house_1927.webp" style="height:833px; width:600px">

[Source: Britannica]

Woolf dives into the lives of the Ramsay family as they spend their summers on the Isle of Skye. It is divided into three sections, with the middle section, "Time Passes," documenting the passage of time and the consequences of World War I on the family household. Her style and contemplative storytelling make this a fascinating investigation of human connections. 

Orlando (1928)

<img alt="Virginia Woolf orlando" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia_Woolf_orlando.webp" style="height:921px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

"Orlando" is a break from Woolf's more traditional novels. This work is regarded as her most whimsical work. The novel chronicles the narrative of Orlando, a young nobleman. He magically transforms into a woman and travels through centuries of English history. 

The Waves (1931)

<img alt="Virginia Woolf the waves 1931" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia_Woolf_the_waves_1931.webp" style="height:891px; width:600px">

[Source: Britannica]

"The Waves" is a visually ambitious novel that explores the bounds of narrative form. It is structured into six soliloquies by the major protagonists, who trace their lives from childhood to old age. The novel's beautiful language and investigation of individual awareness and the passage of time make it a difficult yet rewarding read.

A Room of One's Own (1929)

<img alt="Virginia woolf A Room Of Ones Own" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia_woolf_A_Room_Of_Ones_Own.webp" style="height:492px; width:300px">

[Source: Wikipedia]

"A Room of One's Own" is not a novel, it is one of Woolf's most significant and thought-provoking works. She discusses the position of women in literature and society in this extensive essay, Firstly she claims that women require both financial freedom and their own physical space.

If you want to read some of his books for free kindly <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/89">Click Here</a>

<h2 id="content-id-1355-5">Virginia Woolf's Legacy</h2>

Virginia Woolf had an incredible influence on modern literature. Her unique narrative approaches and inner investigation of the human condition have influenced many authors, scholars, and readers. Her writings are still studied in literature classes around the world, and her views about gender, identity, and the creative process are still pertinent in current debates.

If you want to read Diary Of Virginia Woolf, then <a href="https://archive.org/details/diaryofvirginiaw01virg">Click here</a>

Woolf distinguished herself as a literary icon by her ability to delve into the depths of human awareness and depict the intricacies of ordinary life. Her legacy lives on not only in her novels and essays but also in the larger literary world, where her impact may be traced in the works of authors who came after her. In 1941, Woolf committed suicide. The Woolfs moved from Bloomsbury to Rodmell, Sussex. 

In conclusion, Virginia Woolf's life and work are evidence of literature's continuing potential to investigate the intricacies of human experience. Her original narrative style and profound insights into the human mind have left a lasting impact on the literary world. Her legacy lives on, inviting us to dive deeper into our thoughts and feelings in the same way that she did in her classic works.

How was your experience reading through this article your opinions and participation are extremely valuable to us. So, kindly share your views in the comment section. For more such content to read and get any kind of educational information then kindly visit <a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/">KD Live</a>.

<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/books-and-authors/william-shakespeare-life-important-works-and-his-legacy">Click here</a> to read about William Shakespeare and his famous writings.

<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/books-and-authors/j-k-rowling-a-magical-journey-through-her-famous-writings">Click here</a> to read about JK Rowling and his famous works.

Virginia Woolf, born on January 25, 1882, in London, is a testament to the transformational power of literature. In this blog article, we will look at her life and some of her most famous works, which continue to captivate readers throughout the decades.

<h2>Virginia Woolf: A Glimpse into Her Life</h2>

<img alt="Virginia Woolf photo" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia Woolf photo.webp" style="height:769px; width:600px" />

[Source: Britannica]

&nbsp;She was born into a wealthy Victorian family and raised in an environment rich in culture. But, Her childhood was full of tragedy, including the death of her mother when she was just 13 and also&nbsp;the murder of her half-sister Stella.

&nbsp;Woolf&#39;s schooling was unusual for the time, as she was mostly self-taught and engaged in substantial reading from her father&#39;s library. She rose to prominence as a member of the Bloomsbury Group, a group of intellectuals, writers, and artists who challenged conventional norms and experimented with new ideas.

<h2>The Bloomsbury Group And Stream of Consciousness</h2>

<img alt="Virginia woolf bloomsbury" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia woolf bloomsbury.webp" style="height:596px; width:600px" />

[Source: Wikipedia]

Woolf was a key figure in the Bloomsbury Group, an influential group of writers, artists, and thinkers. This collaboration exposed her to a vast spectrum of ideas and opinions. She met her future husband, Leonard Woolf. Therefore, He plays an important part in her life and career.

<img alt="Virginia woolf leonard woolf" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia woolf leonard woolf.webp" style="height:351px; width:600px" />

Virginia Woolf uses the stream-of-consciousness narrative method very cleverly. Meanwhile, this is one of the most notable literary accomplishments of her time. This approach allows viewers to dive into her characters&#39; inner feelings in a way that has not previously been addressed. Firstly &quot;To the Lighthouse&quot; (1927) and secondly &quot;Mrs. Dalloway&quot; (1925) demonstrate her mastery of this narrative technique. As a result, it allows readers to have a deep and intimate understanding of her characters.

<h2>Woolf&#39;s Modernist Movement And Contemporary Relevance</h2>

Her creative narrative techniques and investigation of the inner self. Certainly, defines her as a significant figure in the Modern literary movement as having a great impact on literature. Her unique approach to storytelling has influenced writers such as James Joyce, and William Faulkner.

Virginia Woolf&#39;s concerns about mental health, identity, and the human condition are applicable today. Her candid discussion of these topics continues to resonate with readers. As a result, It provides a lens through which to view current challenges.

<h2>Virginia Woolf&#39;s Writing Style</h2>

Her writing is distinguished by her unusual narrative style. Firstly It is defined by a stream of consciousness and interior monologue. Secondly, She used these approaches to give readers an inside look at her characters&#39; inner thoughts and emotions. This experimental narrative style allowed her to dive deeply into the complexity of human awareness.

In her writings, the sentences flowing smoothly from one concept to the next describe her prose as generally poetic. Her novels are elaborate data of human experiences, emotions, and feelings rather than simple plots. Her writing approach encourages readers to actively connect with the material. It immerses themselves in the minds of her characters and delves into the complexities of their inner lives.

<h2>Exploring Woolf&#39;s Iconic Works</h2>

<h3>Mrs. Dalloway &nbsp;(1925)</h3>

<img alt="Virginia Woolf mrs dalloway" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia Woolf mrs dalloway.webp" style="height:903px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

&quot;Mrs. Dalloway&quot; is one of Woolf&#39;s most renowned works, a novel that follows a single day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, a high-society woman in post-World War I London. She uses interior monologue to dive into the minds of her characters, revealing the innermost ideas and feelings that define their lives. This story expertly mixes numerous views, offering a vivid portrayal of London society during this period.

<h3>To the Lighthouse (1927)</h3>

<img alt="Virginia Woolf to the light house1927" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia Woolf to the light house1927.webp" style="height:833px; width:600px" />

[Source: Britannica]

In &quot;To the Lighthouse,&quot; Woolf dives into the lives of the Ramsay family as they spend their summers on the Isle of Skye. The work is broken into three sections, with the middle section, &quot;Time Passes,&quot; documenting the passage of time and the consequences of World War I on the family household. Her lyrical style and contemplative storytelling make this a fascinating investigation of human connections. And the passing of time, and the impermanence of existence.

<h3>Orlando &nbsp;(1928)</h3>

<img alt="Virginia Woolf orlando" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia Woolf orlando.webp" style="height:921px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

&quot;Orlando&quot; is a break from Woolf&#39;s more traditional novels. This work is widely regarded as her most whimsical work. The novel chronicles the narrative of Orlando, a young nobleman. He magically transforms into a woman and travels through centuries of English history. Woolf addresses questions of gender, identity, and the flux of time in this imaginative story.

<h3>The Waves (1931)</h3>

<img alt="Virginia-Woolf the waves 1931" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia-Woolf the waves 1931.webp" style="height:891px; width:600px" />

[Source: Britannica]

&quot;The Waves&quot; is a visually ambitious novel that explores the bounds of narrative form. It is structured into six soliloquies by the major protagonists, who trace their lives from childhood to old age. The novel&#39;s beautiful language and investigation of individual awareness and the passage of time make it a difficult yet rewarding read.

<h3>A Room of One&#39;s Own (1929)</h3>

<img alt="Virginia woolf A Room Of Ones Own" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia woolf A Room Of Ones Own.webp" style="height:984px; width:600px" />

[Source: Wikipedia]

&quot;A Room of One&#39;s Own&quot; is not a novel, yet it is one of Woolf&#39;s most significant and thought-provoking works. She discusses the position of women in literature and society in this extensive essay, Firstly she claims that women require both financial freedom and their own physical space. In short, this study is still considered a cornerstone of feminist literary critique.

<h2>Virginia Woolf&#39;s Legacy</h2>

<img alt="Virginia Woolf 1927" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Virginia Woolf 1927.webp" style="height:875px; width:600px" />

[Source: Wikipedia]

Virginia Woolf had an incredible influence on modern literature. Her unique narrative approaches and inner investigation of the human condition have influenced many authors, scholars, and readers. Her writings are still studied in literature classes around the world, and her views about gender, identity, and the creative process are still pertinent in current debates.

Woolf distinguished herself as a literary icon by her ability to delve into the depths of human awareness and depict the intricacies of ordinary life. Her legacy lives on not only in her novels and essays&nbsp;but also in the larger literary world, where her impact may be traced in the works of authors who came after her. In 1941, Woolf committed suicide. The Woolfs moved from Bloomsbury to Rodmell, Sussex. At the time, the pair was confronting the terrible events of World War II, and Virginia is said to have been unable to deal with the threat of her beloved husband being punished for being Jewish.

In conclusion, Virginia Woolf&#39;s life and work are evidence of literature&#39;s continuing potential to investigate the intricacies of human experience. Her original narrative style and profound insights into the human mind have left a lasting impact on the literary world. Her legacy lives on, inviting us to dive deeper into our thoughts and feelings in the same way that she did in her classic works.

How was your experience reading through this article your opinions and participation are extremely valuable to us. So, kindly share your views in the comment section. For&nbsp;more such content&nbsp;to read and get any kind of educational information then kindly visit&nbsp;<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/">KD&nbsp;Live</a>.

&nbsp;

Enter into the universe of Virginia Woolf, a famous British author who transformed modernist writing.

Virginia Woolf: A Literary Luminary and Her Inspirational Works

During the 5th-6th centuries BC two new religions emerged in the form of Jainism and Buddhism. So today, we will be studying about these two religions. Let&#39;s start now. 

<h2>Jainism</h2>

Jainism is an ancient religion that is rooted in the philosophy that teaches the way to liberation and a path to spiritual purity and enlightenment through disciplined nonviolence to all living creatures. The founder of Jainism was Mahavira. He was born in 540 BC as Vardhamana (childhood name) at Kundagrama near Vaishali. His father Siddhartha was the head of a famous Kshatriya clan, and his mother, named Trishala, was the sister of Chetak, the king of Vaishali. He was also related to Bimbisara, the ruler of Magadha, who had married Chellana, the daughter of Chetak. During the early stages, Mahavira joined a group of the founders of this sect. Mahavira attained Kaivalya (perfect knowledge) under sal tree, near village Jimbhikagrama, on the bank of the river Rijupalika and died at the age of 72 at Pavapuri near modern Rajgir in 468 BC. 

After the death of Mahavira, during the reign of King Chandragupta Maurya (the founder Mauryan empire), a severe taminess led to the migration of some Jains under Bhadrabahu to the Deccan. Sthula Bhadra remained in the North and was allowed to wear white garments. Bhadrabahu maintained nudity leading to division as Digambaras (sky-clad or naked) and Svetambaras (white-clad). There are 24 Tirthankaras in the history of Jainism. Mahavir Swami was the last and the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism.

<h2>Preaching of Mahavira</h2>

He rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Vedic rituals and he did not believe in the existence of God. He believed in the attainment of salvation (Moksha) by believing penance and dying of starvation. In Jainism, there are three Ratnas and they are called "the Way of Nirvana":

<ol>
	<li>Right faith-Samyak Vishwas</li>
	<li>Right knowledge-Samyak Gyan</li>
	<li>Right conduct-Samyak Karma</li>
</ol>

<h2>Jain Councils</h2>

<table cellspacing="0" class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Jain Councils
			</td>
			<td>
			Duration
			</td>
			<td>
			Place
			</td>
			<td>
			President
			</td>
			<td>
			Aftermath
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			First
			</td>
			<td>
			300 BCE
			</td>
			<td>
			Pataliputra
			</td>
			<td>
			Sthulabhadra
			</td>
			<td>
			Split into two factions: Svetambara and Digambara
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Second
			</td>
			<td>
			512 AD
			</td>
			<td>
			Vallabhi and Mathura
			</td>
			<td>
			Devaradhi Kshama Ramana
			</td>
			<td>
			Completed compilation of twelve Angas and Upangas
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Third
			</td>
			<td>
			453 or

			456 CE
			</td>
			<td>
			Vallabhi
			</td>
			<td>
			Devarddhigani Kshamashramana
			</td>
			<td>
			Minimise the number of writings

			in Agmas
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<h2>Jain Literature</h2>

The sacred books of the Jains are known as Siddhartha or Agama, it includes:

<ol>
	<li>Twelve Angas</li>
	<li>Twelve Upangas</li>
	<li>Ten Prikarnas</li>
	<li>Six Chheda Sutras</li>
	<li>Four Mulasutras</li>
	<li>Two Sutra Granthas</li>
</ol>

They are written in the Prakrit language. Among the Jaina writers, the most important were Bhadrabahu (Kalpa-Sutra), Siddhasena, Divakara, Manibhadra, Siddha Hemachandra (Parisistha Parvan), Nayachandra and Mallinath. The Jainas wrote narrative literature, kavyas, novels, dramas and hymns.

<h2>Buddhism</h2>

The founder of Buddhism, Gautam Buddha (Sakyamuni or Tathagat), was born in Lumbini. He too was of Kshatriya clan. He was married and had a son. But he left home to become an ascetic. He wandered for 7 years under different teachers but couldn’t get enlightenment. Finally, under the bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya on banks of Niranjan river after deep penance he attained enlightenment. His childhood name was Siddhartha. Buddha didn’t accept or reject God. He was a rationalist and didn’t believe in blind faith. He never dealt with metaphysical questions like God, soul but focused on problems concerning man. He believed in karma. He was against any caste distinctions Buddha organised the religious disciples into Sanghas. The work of these sanghas made Buddhism into a large religion. Two hundred years after Buddha’s death Emperor Ashok embraced Buddhism and through missionary efforts spread it to west Asia and Ceylon.

<h2>Buddha&#39;s Life</h2>

He was born in 563 BC (widely accepted) in a sal groove of Lumbini garden in Kapilavastu. His mother was Mahamaya (a Kosalan princess) and his father was Sudhodhana (of Sakya tribe). He gave his first sermon at Sarnath at deer park. He died at 80 in kusinagara. There are 29 Buddhas, Gautam is 28th and Maitreya is 29th. He was moved by the misery, which people suffered in the world and looked for its solution. He left home at the age of 29. This incident became famous as Mahabhinishkramana- ‘great going forth&#39;.

He first became a disciple of Alara Kalam. Kalam left Alara and joined Rudraka. From there, he went to Uruvela and practised great penance. His conception of religion was purely ethical. Buddha got enlightenment under the pipal tree known as a Bodhi tree at Gaya in Bihar. He gave his first sermon at Sarnath (ancient name was Rishipattan) first sermon was by the name of Dhammachakra Pravartan (or the turning of the wheel of law). He spent his last days near Vaishali. At Pava, a man named Chunda fed him pork, after eating it Buddha died of dysentery at the age of 80 in 483 BC in Kushinagar the capital of Mallas. His death is known Mahaparnirvana i.e. final blowing out. His favourite disciple was Ananda Buddhist, Chaityas are places of worship. Viharas are monasteries and Sangharam are monasteries or schools.

<h2>Teachings of Buddha</h2>

His four Noble Truths (Arya Satyas):

<ol>
	<li>World is full of sufferings</li>
	<li>Desire is cause of all sufferings</li>
	<li>Remove desire and remove sufferings</li>
	<li>Desire can be removed from eight-fold path</li>
</ol>

The world is full of sorrows (Sabbam Dukham). The cause of sorrow is desire (Dwadash Nidan/ Pratityasamutpada). If desires are conquered, all sorrows can be removed (Nirvana). This can be achieved by following the 8-fold path (Ashtangika Marga). The second truth is based on Buddha’s doctrine of Paticheha samutpada or Pratitya samutpada i.e. law of dependent origination or causation.

Belief in Nirvana: Also known as moksha or salvation. It refers to belief in the concept of ultimate bliss, whereby the person gets freedom from the cycle of birth and death.

Belief in Ahimsa: It implies the total avoidance of harming of any kind of living creatures not only by deeds, but also by words and in thoughts. Kutagorshala is a place where Buddhist monks discuss religious issues.

<h2>Buddhism texts</h2>

Tripitakas refers to Buddhists scriptures, it includes Vinay Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

<ul>
	<li>Vinaya Pitaka: It contains the rules and regulations of monastic discipline for monks. An account of the life and teaching of the Buddha is also given.</li>
	<li>Sutta Pitaka: Few discourses delivered by many Buddhist scholars like Sariputta, Ananda and others are given in it. It lays down the principles of Buddhism. It is a collection of Buddha’s sermons and is divided into five groups.</li>
	<li>Abhidhamma Pitaka: It contains the rules and regulations of Abhidhamma Pitaka. Having the philosophy of Buddha’s teachings. It investigates mind and matter to help the understanding of things as they truly are.</li>
	<li>Milindapanho: A conversation among Greco-Bactrian kings, Menander and a Buddhist monk, Nagasena. It is written in the form of a question-and-answer type.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Buddhist Councils</h2>

<ul>
	<li>The First Council (483 BC) was held at Sattenapalli (Saptaparni) cave near Rajagriha under the chairmanship of Mahakassapa. Here Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka were compiled by Upali and Ananda respectively. Ajatashatru was the king at that time.</li>
	<li>The Second Council (383 BC) was held at Vaishali during the reign of Kalashoka, the king of the Shishunaga dynasty. The chairman was Sabakami. The monk of Vaishali wanted some changes in the rites. It resulted in division of the sect into Sthaviravada and Mahasanghika.</li>
	<li>The Third Council (250 BC) was held at Pataliputra during the reign of Ashoka (the Mauryan ruler). This council was held under the Presidentship of Mogaliputta Tissa, to revise the Buddhist texts.</li>
	<li>The Fourth Council (AD 72) It was held during the reign of Kanishka (the Kushana ruler) in Kashmir under the presidentship of Vasumitra and Ashwaghosha. Buddhism got divided into Hinayana and Mahayana.</li>
</ul>

<h2>Stupa and Vihara</h2>

Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (Viharas), places to venerate relics (Stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (Chaityas, also called Chaitya Grihas), which later came to be called temples in some places. Stupas are domed monuments containing relics of the Buddha. The stupas are carved with symbols of the Buddha footprint, bodhi tree, and vase. Viharas are monastery halls, which the monks would originally have used for study, solitary, meditation and communal worship.

We’ve seen the rise of Jainism and Buddhism and next blog we will study the rise of empires in Ancient India. So stay tuned for more.

Learn the key concepts of&nbsp;Jainism and Buddhism

Study notes for History topic Jainism and Buddhism

सामान्य जागरूकता - इतिहास विषय जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म के लिए अध्ययन नोट्स

Robin Sharma has emerged as a guiding light for millions of individuals striving to unlock their potential and live meaningful lives. Thanks to his thought-provoking books, engaging talks, and transforming coaching. In this blog post, we will go into Robin Sharma's life, beliefs, and incredible collection of work. We will know about the long-lasting impact he has had on people and groups around the world.

<h2 id="content-id-1393-0">Robin Sharma's Early Life</h2>

<img alt="Robin sharma pic" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin_sharma_pic.webp" style="height:840px; width:600px">

[Source: Wikipedia]

Robin Sharma was born in Hawkesbury, Ontario, Canada on June 16, 1964. He had a great passion for people's potential and success concepts from a young age. Sharma's path to becoming a well-known author and motivational speaker was characterized by a watershed moment. He moved from being a successful lawyer to a path of personal growth and leadership. He was inspired by his desire to help others achieve success.

<h2 id="content-id-1393-1">Robin Sharma's Education And Career</h2>

Robin Sharma was raised in Canada in an extended family of Indian immigrants. His parents, both medical physicians, taught him the importance of hard work, discipline, and knowledge. Sharma was up in an environment that valued academic excellence, providing a foundation for his future achievement.

He attended Dalhousie University, where he studied law. Despite the demands of his studies, Sharma got a strong interest in personal development and leadership. While his law education gave him a strong analytical mind. He discovered his true passion when he studied philosophy, psychology, and human behavior. Robin began to investigate the teachings of numerous philosophers, intellectuals, and spiritual leaders during his undergraduate years.

<h2 id="content-id-1393-2">Robin Sharma’s Career And The Leap of Faith</h2>

<img alt="Robin sharma quotes 2" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin_sharma_quotes_2.webp" style="height:360px; width:600px">

[Source: Fearless Soul]

Robin Sharma began his legal career after receiving his law degree, working for a well-known law company. While his legal career looked appealing. He was becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the gap between his life's purpose and his professional life. Because of this inner conflict, he made a life-changing decision. He abandoned his law career to pursue his passion for personal growth and leadership.

His decision to leave the law profession and pursue his actual love was filled with difficulties. Friends and relatives questioned his decision to leave a stable job for the unpredictable journey of a motivational speaker and author. He did, however, believe in his vision and was happy to take the risk.

He began by writing and delivering motivating speeches to small groups of people. His words spoke to people who were looking for direction and inspiration to live more satisfying lives. Sharma's early publications, such as "The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari," became popular and launched his career as a worldwide-known author and speaker.

<h2 id="content-id-1393-3">The Rise to Robin Sharma's Global Prominence</h2>

Robin Sharma's collection of work grew in popularity as his collection of work expanded. His writings, seminars, and online content motivated millions of people throughout the world to attain their full potential and live meaningful lives. Sharma's unique blend of wisdom taken from traditional philosophies, modern leadership knowledge, and eternal principles of personal growth made him a trusted adviser for many individuals and organizations.

<h2 id="content-id-1393-4">Robin Sharma's Notable Works</h2>

The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari (1997): Robin Sharma broke into the personal development scene with this best-selling novel. The metaphorical story of the novel follows Julian Mantle, a lawyer who goes on a spiritual quest to seek his way to a successful existence. Sharma's endless wisdom and practical guidance for achieving personal and professional achievement have established this book as a literary classic.

<img alt="Robin sharma monk" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin_sharma_monk.webp" style="height:925px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

If you want to read this book, then <a href="https://tarkashastra.co.in/Materials/The%20Monk%20who%20sold%20his%20ferrari.pdf">Click Here</a> to get a free ebook.

Leadership Wisdom from the Monk Who Sold His Ferrari (1999): After the popularity of his first book. He wrote a sequel that goes more into leadership ideas. This book provides helpful details about leadership, independence, and personal transformation.

<img alt="Robin sharma leadership" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin_sharma_leadership.webp" style="height:932px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

The Greatness Guide (2006): Sharma delivers a combination of compelling lessons and practical solutions in this motivating book to help readers realize their inner potential. He inspires readers to work for greatness in all parts of their lives, from jobs to relationships.

<img alt="Robin sharma greatness" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin_sharma_greatness.webp" style="height:930px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

The Leader Who Had No Title (2010): Sharma discusses the concept that leadership is not limited to titles or positions, but simply an attitude that anybody can acquire in this work. He gives a foundation for individuals, independent of their formal duties, to lead and flourish in their chosen industries.

<img alt="Robin sharma no title" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin_sharma_no_title.webp" style="height:928px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

The 5 AM Club (2018): This book, a tribute to Sharma's commitment to personal discipline, introduces readers to the concept of the "5 AM Club." It promotes the importance of early morning rituals and developing habits as a means of achieving success in both life and work.

<img alt="Robin sharma 5am club" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin_sharma_5am_club.webp" style="height:897px; width:600px">

[Source: Amazon]

<a href="https://www.ascdegreecollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Robin-Sharma-Pack.pdf">Click Here</a> to get a pack of his 10 free ebook to read.

<h2 id="content-id-1393-5">Key Themes in Robin Sharma's Work</h2>

Personal Mastery: The idea that human development and growth are possible through self-mastery is central to Sharma's viewpoint. He highlights the value of self-improvement skills such as ongoing education, mindfulness, and self-awareness.

Leadership: Robin Sharma is a strong believer in the idea that everybody can be a leader. He believes that leadership is more about impact, influence, and the ability to motivate others than it is about positions.

Mindset: The importance of a positive, growth-oriented mindset is a constant theme in his work. Sharma encourages readers to create a prosperity, toughness, and continual improvement mindset.

Productivity and Discipline: Sharma's works, such as "The 5 AM Club," highlight the need for discipline and regular routines to achieve one's goals. He promotes the belief that success is the result of constant effort and dedication.

<h2 id="content-id-1393-6">Robin Sharma’s Impact and Legacy</h2>

<img alt="Robin sharma quotes" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin_sharma_quotes.webp" style="height:314px; width:600px">

[Source: Lifegram]

Robin Sharma's work has had a lasting effect on a wide range of people, from young people to experienced workers. His novels have been published in several languages and sold millions of copies around the world. Sharma's live seminars and presentations, in addition to his written material, have pushed people to take action and achieve their aspirations.

Robin Sharma's work and legacy extended to companies as well. Many companies have adopted his leadership concepts, recognizing the importance of cultivating a climate of personal development, creativity, and employee involvement.

In conclusion, His transformation from a successful lawyer to an internationally famous author and motivational speaker demonstrates the transforming power of personal development and leadership. He has affected the lives of millions of people via his books and teachings. He encourages them to strive for greatness, achieve independence, and live with purpose. As we traverse the difficulties of modern life, Robin Sharma's wisdom sets a light on the way to personal and professional achievement.

How was your experience reading through this article your opinions and participation are extremely valuable to us. So, kindly share your views in the comment section. For more such content to read and get any kind of educational information then kindly visit <a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/">KD Live</a>.

<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/books-and-authors/william-shakespeare-life-important-works-and-his-legacy">Click here</a> to read about William Shakespeare and his famous writings.

<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/books-and-authors/j-k-rowling-a-magical-journey-through-her-famous-writings">Click here</a> to read about JK Rowling and his famous works.

Robin Sharma has emerged as a guiding light for millions of individuals striving to unlock their potential and live meaningful lives. Thanks to his thought-provoking books, engaging talks, and transforming coaching. In this blog post, we will go into Robin Sharma&#39;s life, beliefs, and incredible collection of work. We will&nbsp;know about the long-lasting impact he has had on people and groups around the world.

<h2>Sharma&#39;s Early Life</h2>

<img alt="Robin sharma pic" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin sharma pic.webp" style="height:840px; width:600px" />

[Source: Wikipedia]

Robin Sharma was born in Hawkesbury, Ontario, Canada on June 16, 1964. He had a great passion for people&#39;s potential and success concepts from a young age. Sharma&#39;s path to becoming a well-known author and motivational speaker was characterized by a watershed moment. He moved from being a successful lawyer to a path of personal growth and leadership. He was inspired by his desire to help others achieve success.

<h2>Sharma&#39;s Education And Career</h2>

Robin Sharma was raised in Canada in an extended family of Indian immigrants. His parents, both medical physicians, taught&nbsp;him the importance of hard work, discipline, and knowledge. Sharma was up in an environment that valued academic excellence, providing a foundation for his future achievement.

He attended Dalhousie University, where he studied law. Despite the demands of his studies, Sharma got a strong interest in personal development and leadership. While his law education gave him a strong analytical mind. He&nbsp;discovered his true passion when he studied philosophy, psychology, and human behavior. Robin began to investigate the teachings of numerous philosophers, intellectuals, and spiritual leaders during his undergraduate years.

<h2>Sharma&rsquo;s Career And The Leap of Faith</h2>

<img alt="Robin sharma quotes 2" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin sharma quotes 2.webp" style="height:360px; width:600px" />

[Source: Fearless soul]

Robin Sharma began his legal career after receiving his law degree, working for a well-known law company. While his legal career looked appealing. He was becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the gap between his life&#39;s purpose and his professional life. Because of this inner conflict, he made a life-changing decision. He abandoned his law career to pursue his passion for personal growth and leadership.

His decision to leave the law profession and pursue his actual love was filled with difficulties. Friends and relatives questioned his decision to leave a&nbsp;stable job for the unpredictable journey of a motivational speaker and author. He did, however, believe in his vision and was happy to take the risk.

He began by writing and delivering motivating speeches to small groups of people. His words spoke to people who were looking for direction and inspiration to live more satisfying lives. Sharma&#39;s early publications, such as &quot;The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari,&quot; became popular and launched his career as a worldwide-known author and speaker.

<h2>The Rise to Global Prominence</h2>

Robin Sharma&#39;s collection of work grew in popularity as his collection of work expanded. His writings, seminars, and online content motivated millions of people throughout the world to attain their full potential and live meaningful lives. Sharma&#39;s unique blend of wisdom taken from traditional philosophies, modern leadership knowledge, and eternal principles of personal growth made him a trusted adviser for many individuals and organizations.

<h2>Robin&rsquo;s Notable Works</h2>

The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari (1997): Robin Sharma broke into the personal development scene with this best-selling novel. The metaphorical story of the novel follows Julian Mantle, a lawyer who goes on a spiritual quest to seek his way to a successful existence. Sharma&#39;s endless wisdom and practical guidance for achieving personal and professional achievement have established this book as a literary classic.

<img alt="Robin sharma monk" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin sharma monk.webp" style="height:925px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

If you want to read this book, then&nbsp;<a href="https://tarkashastra.co.in/Materials/The%20Monk%20who%20sold%20his%20ferrari.pdf">Click Here</a>&nbsp;to get a free ebook.

Leadership Wisdom from the Monk Who Sold His Ferrari (1999): After the popularity of his first book. He wrote a sequel that goes more into leadership ideas. This book provides helpful details about leadership, independence, and personal transformation.

<img alt="Robin sharma leadership" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin sharma leadership.webp" style="height:932px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

The Greatness Guide (2006): Sharma delivers a combination of compelling lessons and practical solutions in this motivating book to help readers realize their inner potential. He inspires readers to work for greatness in all parts of their lives, from jobs to relationships.

<img alt="Robin sharma greatness" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin sharma greatness.webp" style="height:930px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

The Leader Who Had No Title (2010): Sharma discusses the concept that leadership is not limited to titles or positions, but simply an attitude that anybody can acquire in this work. He gives a foundation for individuals, independent of their formal duties, to lead and flourish in their chosen industries.

<img alt="Robin sharma no title" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin sharma no title.webp" style="height:928px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

The 5 AM Club (2018): This book, a tribute to Sharma&#39;s commitment to personal discipline, introduces readers to the concept of the &quot;5 AM Club.&quot; It promotes the importance of early morning rituals and developing habits as a means of achieving success in both life and work.

<img alt="Robin sharma 5am club" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin sharma 5am club.webp" style="height:897px; width:600px" />

[Source: Amazon]

<h2>Key Themes in Robin Sharma&#39;s Work</h2>

Personal Mastery: The idea that human development and growth are possible through self-mastery is central to Sharma&#39;s viewpoint. He highlights the value of self-improvement skills such as ongoing education, mindfulness, and self-awareness.

Leadership: Robin Sharma is a strong believer in the idea that everybody can be a leader. He believes that leadership is more about impact, influence, and the ability to motivate others than it is about positions.

Mindset: The importance of a positive, growth-oriented mindset is a constant theme in his work. Sharma encourages readers to create a prosperity, toughness, and continual improvement mindset.

Productivity and Discipline: Sharma&#39;s works, such as &quot;The 5 AM Club,&quot; highlight the need for discipline and regular routines to achieve one&#39;s goals. He promotes the belief that success is the result of constant effort and dedication.

<h2>Sharma&rsquo;s Impact and Legacy</h2>

<img alt="Robin sharma quotes" src="https://study.kdcampus.live/admin/assets/uploads/ckeditor/Robin sharma quotes.webp" style="height:314px; width:600px" />

[Source:Lifegram]

Robin Sharma&#39;s work has had a lasting effect on a wide range of people, from young people to experienced workers. His novels have been published in several languages and sold millions of copies around the world. Sharma&#39;s live seminars and presentations, in addition to his written material, have pushed people to take action and achieve their aspirations.

Sharma&#39;s legacy extended to companies as well. Many companies have adopted his leadership concepts, recognizing the importance of cultivating a climate of personal development, creativity, and employee involvement.

In conclusion, His transformation from a successful lawyer to an internationally famous author and motivational speaker demonstrates the transforming power of personal development and leadership. He has affected the lives of millions of people via his books and teachings. He&nbsp;encourages them to strive for greatness, achieve independence, and live with purpose. As we traverse the difficulties of modern life, Robin Sharma&#39;s wisdom sets a light on the way to personal and professional achievement.

How was your experience reading through this article your opinions and participation are extremely valuable to us. So, kindly share your views in the comment section. For&nbsp;more such content&nbsp;to read and get any kind of educational information then kindly visit&nbsp;<a href="https://study.kdcampus.live/">KD&nbsp;Live</a>.

Uncovering Robin Sharma&#39;s Wisdom: A Personal Transformation Journey