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In this blog, we will learn about Indian geography. First of all, we will start with the physiography of the Indian subcontinent. Physiography is the branch of the geography in which we study the different relief features of Earth’s surface. The Indian subcontinent is divided into five physiographic features that are:

<ol>
	<li>The Himalayan Mountains</li>
	<li>The Northern Plains</li>
	<li>The Peninsular Plateau</li>
	<li>The Coastal Plains</li>
	<li>The Islands</li>
</ol>

Let’s study some interesting facts about all the physiographic features of the Indian subcontinent.

<h2 id="content-id-2021-0">Himalayas</h2>

Himalayas stand tall in the north and north-eastern part of India. These mountain ranges stretched over 2500 km in area. The Himalayas are known as the youngest and loftiest mountains of the world. These are divided into three types.

<ol>
	<li>The Himalayan Ranges: Himalayas Himalayas consist of several chains for several mountain ranges as we come from north to south the Himalayan ranges are divided into three ranges: The great Himalayas division: It is the northernmost range of the Himalayas and this range is known by several names such as Himadri, Himalayas. The average elevation of the mountains in this range is about 6000 m. This range comprises the highest mountains of the world. Mount Everest is located in this range along with Nanda Devi. Kamet, Namcha Barwa are some other mountains in this range. Middle or lesser Himalayas: This range lies south of the great Himalayas range. These are known as Himachal or lower Himalayas. The elevation of the mountains extends from 3500 to 4500 m. This range is divided into Pir Panjal range, Dhauladhar range, Mussoorie range. Shivalik Range: It is the southernmost range of the Himalayas. This range is close to the Northern Plains. The elevation is very low in this range i.e. 600 to 1500 metres. This range is famous for its dun formation.</li>
	<li>Trans Himalayas: These ranges are also known as Tibetan Himalayas. It includes ranges such as Ladakh range, Zaskar range, the Kailash and Karakoram range. This extends upto 1000 kilometre and the average elevation is about 3000 m above the mean sea level.</li>
	<li>The Eastern Hills: It is the third division of Himalayas; these are located in the North Eastern part of India and also known as Purvanchal. Unlike other Himalayan ranges, this range extends from South to north direction. This range includes Hills such as Naga Hills, Patkai Bum Hills, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia hills of Meghalaya. The highest point of eastern Himalayan Hills is Blue Mountain in the south.</li>
</ol>

<h2 id="content-id-2021-1">The Northern Plains</h2>

This is the second division of Indian physiography. These lie South to the Himalayan ranges. The rivers emerging from the Himalayas deposit sediments in these areas and hence the soil of the northern plains is very fertile. The rivers coming from the Himalayas deposit sediments and disappear in the zone of the northern plains called the Bhabar Belt. The Bhabar belt is 16 to 20 km wide running in the east to west direction along the Shivalik. This is not suitable for agriculture. The disappeared rivers emerge again in this zone of the northern plains and this is known as Terai Belt. This belt is 15 to 30 km wide and it runs parallel to the bhabar belt. The soil in this belt is very fertile and is known for the production of good crops of sugarcane, rice and wheat. The northern plains are also divided into two divisions based on the age of the soil:

Bhangar: It is composed of old alluvium deposits of the Himalayan rivers. This zone contains calcareous deposits also known as Kankar. Khadar: It is composed of the newer alluvium deposited by the rivers almost every year. The northern plains are further divided into five parts based on their location, which are as follows:

<ol>
	<li>The Haryana and Rajasthan plain</li>
	<li>The Punjab plain</li>
	<li>The Ganga plain</li>
	<li>The Brahmaputra plain</li>
</ol>

<h2 id="content-id-2021-2">Peninsular plateau</h2>

The peninsular plateau is triangular in shape. It extends from the Rann of Kutch in the west, going parallel to the Yamuna and Ganga rivers, passing through the Rajmahal Hills and the Ganga delta up to the Ganga plains. A part of the peninsular plateau, Karbi Anglong, is separated from the main plateau because of the Malwa fault. The average height of the plateau is 600 to 900 metres above mean sea level. The peninsular plateau contains several minor plateaus such as Bundelkhand plateau, Chota Nagpur Plateau, Malwa plateau, Baghelkhand plateau, Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau. Narmada and Tapti river originate in the rift Valley lying between the Satpura and Vindhya range of the peninsular plateau. It is the oldest landmass of India and is known for the various minerals found here. There are huge deposits of iron, manganese, copper, bauxite, chromium, mica, gold, etc. The Deccan Plateau contains black soil which is useful for the production of crops such as cotton. The Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats lie on the western and eastern edge of the peninsular plateau respectively.

<h2 id="content-id-2021-3">Indian desert</h2>

The Indian desert lies in the north western region of India. This region receives very low rainfall as low as 150 mm per year in the whole year. The desert contains relief features such as mushroom rocks, shifting dunes and oasis.

<h2 id="content-id-2021-4">Coastal plains</h2>

The coastal plains are divided into the Western Coastal Plains and the Eastern Coastal Plains.

<ol>
	<li>The Western Coastal Plains are further divided into the Kathiawar region, the Gujarat Plains, Konkan plains along with Karnataka Coastal Plains and the Kerala plains.</li>
	<li>The Eastern Coastal Plains are further divided into the northern circars and the Coromandel coast: </li>
</ol>

<h2 id="content-id-2021-5">Indian islands </h2>

There are two main groups of islands in the Indian Ocean. One is the Andaman and Nicobar Islands located in the Bay of Bengal and the second is Lakshadweep Islands located in the Arabian Sea.

<ol>
	<li>Andaman and Nicobar Islands: This group of Islands IS composed of 256 big and small Islands. The Andaman Islands are separated from the Nicobar Islands by the ten-degree channel. This archipelago contains some very important islands such as Swaraj Dweep and Shaheed Dweep islands.</li>
	<li>Lakshadweep Islands: these islands contain the Mandvi islands and internode and the Cannanore islands in the south these two are separated from each other by 11-degree channel 20 most of the Indians. Shallow lagoons and coral reefs are seen in the Lakshadweep Islands of India.</li>
</ol>

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