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Hello our dear learners, we will be discussing about earthquakes and landforms. So, let&#39;s start.

<h2>Earthquakes</h2>

The shaking and vibration of the earth’s surface is called an earthquake. These are often the result of underground volcanic activities. They release energy in the form of waves called seismic waves.

Terms related to the earthquakes:

Hypocentre/focus: the point from where all the energy gets released is known as hypocentre. This point lies often below the earth’s surface.

Epicentre: This is the point on the earth’s surface just above the hypocentre. It points directly above the focus and is the shortest distance above the earth’s surface.

Magnitude: it is the measure of the amount of seismic energy released during the earthquake. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by the Richter scale. The magnitude is expressed in the absolute numbers from 0 to 10.

The intensity of an earthquake: It refers to the amount of visible damage caused by an earthquake. Intensity varies over the areas affected by an earthquake. It will be high near the hypocentre.

<h2>Landforms</h2>

A landform is a natural or anthropogenic land feature on the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. Landforms together make up a given terrain and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography.

River terraces: These are the floodplains that formed when a river flowed at a higher-level plain than it does today.

Peneplain: When a river bed is eroded sufficiently that gives it a look of a plain, it is known as a peneplain.

<h2>Depositional Fluvial landforms</h2>

Alluvial fans: When the rivers flow from hills to the plains, all the sediments get settled at the foothills. These areas are known as alluvial fans.

Natural Levees: These are ridges of low height formed by the deposition of sediments on the banks of the river.

Flood Plains: Surfaces on both sides of a river stream that are filled with sediments.

Back Swamps: Areas around the leeves may form marshes known as back swamps.

Deltas: When the river is about to get drained in an ocean or sea, all its sediments start getting deposited on the area around the ocean. This is known as delta.

Karst Topography: The downward and horizontal movement of groundwater causes the rocks to erode forming the karst topography. These are also divided into erosional and depositional groundwater landforms.

<h2>Erosional groundwater landforms</h2>

Swallow Holes: The tiny particles present in groundwater start eroding the surface of limestone forming shallow depressions. These shallow depressions are called swallow holes.

Sinkholes: When the swallow holes start deepening, they become circular at the top and funnel-shaped in the bottom.

Collapse Sinks: When the bottom of a sinkhole collapses, it can form a large hole opening into a cave below. These are also known as dolines.

Uvalas: When sinkholes and dolines join together, long and narrow trenches called valley sinks or uvalas form.

<h2>Depositional groundwater landforms</h2>

Stalactites: These are icicles shaped formations which hang from the ceiling of a limestone cave. Their width decreases from bottom to top.

Stalagmites: These formations rise above the floor of a cave. Mostly these are formed due to the dripping water from the stalactites.

Vertical Columns/Pillars: When the stalactites and stalagmites join together with the passage of time, they are known as pillars.

<h2>Glacial landforms</h2>

Glaciers are the huge masses of ice moving above the ocean water. Glaciers move because of the force of gravity. As the glaciers move, they help in forming various landforms through erosion or deposition.

Cirque: The deep, long basins with very steep vertical walls formed along the glacial valleys are known as cirques or tarn lakes.

Horns: When three or more glaciers cut each other until their cirques meet, high pointes and steep sided peaks called horns form.

Glacial Valleys: These are trough-like valleys containing debris known as moraines. When these valleys are filled with seawater and make shorelines, these are called fiords

<h2>Depositional glacial landforms</h2>

Moraines: These are long raised strips of debris which were deposited by a glacier. Terminal moraines are formed at the end of the glaciers. And lateral moraines are formed along the sides of a glacier.

Outwash Plains: The alluvial plains formed at the foot of glacial mountains are known as outwash plains. Drumlins: These are oval-shaped landforms formed by the deposition done by a glacier. This topography is also known as the ‘basket of eggs’ topography.

This was all about this topic. Hope all your queries related to this topic are clear. Stay connected with us.

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